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CA Cancer J Clin 2002; 52:23
doi: 10.3322/canjclin.52.1.23
© 2002 American Cancer Society
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Cancer Statistics, 2002

Ahmedin Jemal, DVM, PhD, Andrea Thomas, MPH, Taylor Murray and Michael Thun, MD, MS

Dr. Jemal is Program Director for Cancer Occurrence, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.
Ms. Thomas is Manager, Surveillance Information Services, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.
Mr. Murray is Manager, Surveillance Data Systems, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.
Dr. Thun is Vice President for Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.


    ABSTRACT
 TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 SELECTED FINDINGS
 CANCER OCCURRENCE BY...
 CANCER IN CHILDREN
 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE...
 REFERENCES
 
Every year the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival, using National Cancer Institute (NCI) incidence and National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) mortality data. Incidence and death rates are age adjusted to the 1970 US standard population. It is estimated that 1,284,900 new cases of cancer will be diagnosed and 555,500 people will die from cancer in the United States in the year 2002. From 1992 to 1998, cancer death rates declined in males and females, while cancer incidence rates decreased among males and increased slightly among females. Most notably, African-American men showed the largest decline for both incidence and mortality. Nevertheless, African Americans still carry the highest burden of cancer with later-stage cancer diagnosis and poorer survival compared with whites. Despite the continued decline in cancer death rates, the total number of recorded cancer deaths in the United States continues to increase slightly due to the aging and expanding population.


    INTRODUCTION
 TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 SELECTED FINDINGS
 CANCER OCCURRENCE BY...
 CANCER IN CHILDREN
 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE...
 REFERENCES
 
At present, cancer remains a major public health problem in the United States and in other developed countries as well. One in four deaths in the United States is caused by cancer. In order to provide an up-to-date perspective on the occurrence of cancer, the American Cancer Society presents this overview of cancer frequency, incidence, mortality, and survival statistics for the year 2002.


    MATERIALS AND METHODS
 TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 SELECTED FINDINGS
 CANCER OCCURRENCE BY...
 CANCER IN CHILDREN
 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE...
 REFERENCES
 
    Data Sources
Mortality data were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).1 Incidence data, including five-year relative survival rate data and data on lifetime probability of developing cancer, were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) covering about 10 percent of the US population.2 Population data were obtained from the US Census Bureau.3 For 1999 mortality data, causes of death were coded and classified according to the Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10),4 replacing ICD-95 used in the United States for deaths occurring during 1979 through 1998. Cancer cases were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology.6

    Estimated New Cancer Cases
Because the United States has no nationwide cancer registry, precisely how many new cases of cancer are diagnosed each year in the United States and in all individual states is unknown. Consequently, we first estimated the number of new cancer cases occurring annually in the United States from 1979 through 1998 by using age-specific cancer incidence rates collected by NCI's SEER program2 coupled with population data reported by the US Census Bureau.3 We then forecasted the number of cancer cases expected to be diagnosed in the United States in the year 2002 using an autoregressive quadratic model fitted to the annual cancer case estimates.7

The observed trend in prostate cancer incidence was not compatible with the selected forecasting model, as rates increased greatly between 1988 and 1992, declined sharply between 1992 and 1995, and leveled off from 1995 to 1998.8,9 This trend likely reflects extensive use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening in a previously unscreened population and the subsequent increase in cancer diagnoses at an early stage.10,11 We therefore assumed that the number of prostate cancer cases is approaching the pattern in effect prior to widespread use of PSA screening; and then estimated the number of new cases of prostate cancer for 2002 using a linear projection based on data from 1979 to 1989 and 1995 to 1998 only.

We could not use the methods mentioned above to estimate new cancer cases for individual states because complete cancer incidence and case counts are not available for many states. To derive these estimates, we relied on state cancer death statistical data and assumed that the ratio of cancer deaths to cancer cases was the same in each state as in the United States on the whole.

    Estimated Cancer Deaths
We estimated the number of cancer deaths expected to occur in the United States and in each state in the year 2002 using underlying cause-of-death data from death certificates as reported to the National Center for Health Statistics.1 The recorded numbers of cancer deaths occurring annually from 1979 to 1999 in the United States and in each state were fitted with autoregressive quadratic models7 in order to forecast the number of cancer deaths expected to occur in 2002.

    Other Statistics
We provide mortality statistics for the leading causes of deaths and deaths from cancer for 1999. Causes of death for 1999 mortality data were coded and classified according to ICD-10 rulings, replacing ICD-9 coding used for deaths that occurred from 1979 through 1998. Comparisons between the recorded number of deaths between 1998 and 1999 were adjusted for the change in ICD coding rules using a comparability ratio.12

This report also provides updated statistics on the probability of developing cancer,13 trends in cancer mortality and incidence, and five-year relative survival rates for selected cancer sites based on data from 1973 through 1998.2 Cancer incidence and death rates are standardized to the 1970 US standard population and expressed per 100,000 person-years. Death rates for 1999 are presented using both 1970 and 2000 US standard population for age standardization to illustrate the impact of the 2000 standard population on death rates.


    SELECTED FINDINGS
 TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 SELECTED FINDINGS
 CANCER OCCURRENCE BY...
 CANCER IN CHILDREN
 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE...
 REFERENCES
 
    Expected Numbers of New Cancer Cases
The estimated number of new cancer cases expected in 2002 is indicated for men, women, and for both sexes combined in Table 1Go. The estimate of about 1,284,900 new cases of invasive cancer does not include carcinoma in situ of any site except urinary bladder, nor does it include basal and squamous cell cancers of the skin. More than one million cases of basal and squamous cell skin cancers, 54,300 cases of breast carcinoma in situ, and 34,300 cases of in situ melanoma are expected to be newly diagnosed in 2002. The estimated number of new cancer cases by state and cancer site are shown in Table 2Go.


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TABLE 2 Estimated New Cancer Cases for Selected Cancer Sites by State, US, 2002*
 
Figure 1Go lists the most common cancers expected to occur in men and women in 2002. Among men, cancers of the prostate, lung and bronchus, and colon and rectum comprise 55 percent of all new cancer cases. Prostate cancer accounts for 30 percent (189,000) of new cancer cases in men. Based on the most current data on stage distributions of prostate cancer cases, however, over 80 percent of these estimated new cases are expected to be diagnosed at local and regional stages with nearly 100 percent five-year relative survival rates.


Figure 1
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FIGURE 1 Ten Leading Cancer Sites for the Estimated New Cancer Cases and Deaths by Gender, US, 2002*

*Excludes basal and squamous cell skin cancers and in situ carcinomas except urinary bladder.

Percentages may not total 100% due to rounding.

 
Among women, the three most commonly diagnosed cancers are expected to be cancers of the breast, lung and bronchus, and colon and rectum. Cancers occurring at these sites are expected to account for about 55 percent of new cancer cases in women. Breast cancer alone is expected to account for 31 percent (203,500) of all new cancer cases among women in 2002.

    Expected Number of Cancer Deaths
Table 1 also shows the expected number of cancer deaths in 2002 for men, women, and both sexes combined. It is estimated that about 555,500 Americans will die from cancer, corresponding to 1,500 deaths per day. Cancers of the lung and bronchus, prostate, and colon and rectum in men, and cancers of the lung and bronchus, breast, and colon and rectum in women continue to be the most common causes of cancer deaths. These four cancers account for more than half of the total cancer deaths among men and women (Figure 1Go). Lung cancer has surpassed breast cancer as the leading cause of cancer death in women since 1987 and is expected to account for about 25 percent of all female cancer deaths in 2002. The estimated number of cancer deaths in 2002 by state appears in Table 3Go.


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TABLE 3 Estimated Cancer Deaths for Selected Cancer Sites by State, US, 2002*
 
    Trends in Cancer Incidence and Mortality
From 1992 through 1998, overall cancer incidence and mortality rates declined by 1.1 percent each year on average (Figure 2Go). Mortality declined among both males and females, while incidence declined only in males and increased slightly in females. Most notably, African-American men showed the largest decline for both incidence and mortality (data not shown). Recent declines or stabilizations in incidence (Figure 3Go) and mortality (Figures 4 and 5GoGo) have occurred for several leading cancer sites.


Figure 2
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FIGURE 2 Annual Age-adjusted Cancer Incidence and Death Rates* by Gender, US, 1973 to 1998

*Rates are age adjusted to the 1970 US standard population.

Source: Incidence data from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program, 1973 to 1998, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 2001. Mortality data from US Mortality Public Use Data Tapes, 1960 to 1999, National Center for Health Statistics.

 

Figure 3
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FIGURE 3 Annual Age-adjusted Cancer Incidence Rates* Among Males and Females for Selected Cancer Sites, US, 1973 to 1998

*Rates are age adjusted to the 1970 US standard population.

Source: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 2001.

 

Figure 4
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FIGURE 4 Annual Age-adjusted Cancer Death Rates* Among Males for Selected Cancer Sites, US, 1930 to 1998

*Rates are per 100,000 and are age adjusted to the 1970 US standard population.

Note: Due to changes in ICD coding, numerator information has changed over time. Rates for cancer of the lung and bronchus, and colon and rectum are affected by these coding changes.

Source: US Mortality Public Use Data Tapes, 1960 to 1998, US Mortality Volumes, 1930 to 1959, National Center for Health Statistics.

 

Figure 5
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FIGURE 5 Annual Age-adjusted Cancer Death Rates* Among Females for Selected Cancer Sites, US, 1930 to 1998

*Rates are per 100,000 and are age adjusted to the 1970 US standard population.

{dagger}Uterus cancer death rates are for uterine cervix and uterine corpus combined.

Note: Due to changes in ICD coding, numerator information has changed over time. Rates for cancer of the uterus, ovary, lung and bronchus, and colon and rectum are affected by these coding changes.

Source: US Mortality Public Use Data Tapes, 1960 to 1998, US Mortality Volumes, 1930 to 1959, National Center for Health Statistics.

 
Female breast cancer incidence for all races combined increased by 3.8 percent per year between 1980 and 1987, and stabilized through 1998 (Figure 3Go). A significant downturn in the incidence of lung and bronchus cancer in males began in the early 1980s; between 1992 and 1998, incidence rates decreased 2.4 percent per year. Overall incidence rates of female lung and bronchus cancer have been stable since 1991, but rates have begun to decline in women under 65 years of age from 28.3 percent per 100,000 women in 1991 to 22.7 percent per 100,000 women in 1998. In both men and women, colon and rectum cancer incidence declined between the mid-1980s and the mid-1990s and stabilized thereafter. Prostate cancer incidence rates have generally leveled off during the years 1995 to 1998, following large annual increases of 17.5 percent from 1988 to 1992 and a sharp decline of 10.0 percent per year from 1992 to 1995.8,9

Similar to trends in incidence, significant decreases in death rates for lung and bronchus cancer have occurred only among males (on average 1.8 percent per year during 1990 to 1998) (Figure 4Go); the increase in lung cancer death rates among females has begun to slow recently (Figure 5Go).

Breast cancer death rates among females declined annually by 1.6 percent from 1989 to 1995, and by 3.4 percent since then. Age-specific analysis revealed that breast cancer mortality declined in every age group except in African-American women, age 75 and older; the decline was more pronounced in females younger than 50 years old in both whites and African Americans.9 Colon and rectum cancer death rates have been decreasing by about 2 percent per year since 1984 in females and 1987 in males.8,9 Prostate cancer deaths peaked in 1991, and have decreased an average of 4.5 percent per year from 1994 through 1998.8,9

    The Recorded Number of Deaths from Cancer and Other Causes in 1999
A total of 549,838 cancer deaths were recorded in 1999 in the United States, up by 8,306 deaths compared with 1998. Adjusting for changes in rules for selecting underlying cause of death reduced the increase in the number of cancer deaths to 4,624. Cancer deaths accounted for 23 percent of all deaths, ranking second only to death from heart disease (Table 4Go). When deaths are categorized by age and sex, cancer is by far the leading cause of death among women aged 40 to 79 and among men aged 60 to 79 (Table 5Go). In contrast, cancer ranks fifth as a cause of death among men aged 20 to 39.


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TABLE 4 Fifteen Leading Causes of Death, US, 1999
 

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TABLE 5 Reported Deaths for the Ten Leading Causes of Death by Age and Gender, US, 1999
 
Table 6Go describes the leading site-specific causes of cancer death by age for males and females. Among men under age 40, leukemia is the most common fatal cancer, while lung and bronchus cancer ranks first for men aged 40 years and older. Colorectal cancer is the second most common site causing death among men 40 to 79 years old. Among women under age 20, leukemia is the leading cause of cancer death; breast cancer ranks first as the cause of cancer death for women between age 20 to 59 years, and lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for women aged 60 years and above.


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TABLE 6 Reported Deaths for the Five Leading Cancer Sites by Gender and Age, US, 1999
 
The number of recorded cancer deaths among men increased by 3,767 from 1998 to 1999 (Table 7Go). Accounting for the change in ICD coding rules diminished the increase to 1,849. The recorded number of deaths from lung cancer continued to decrease among men. The decrease in lung cancer death was accentuated by the change in ICD code from ICD-9 to ICD-10. The new ICD code more rigorously excluded cancers metastatic to the lung, causing a decline of 1.6 percent of total lung cancer deaths.12 Accounting for this change substantially reduced the decline in the number of lung cancer deaths (from 1,998 deaths to 508 deaths). The number of prostate cancer deaths has continued to decline since 1995. From 1998 to 1999, the recorded number of prostate cancer deaths decreased by 474 and 906 with and without adjustment for the change in ICD codes and coding rules, respectively. Colon and rectum cancer deaths among men increased by about 300 from 1998 to 1999, and were affected very little by the new ICD version.


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TABLE 7 Trends in the Recorded Number of Cancer Deaths for Selected Cancer Sites by Gender, US, 1989 to 1999
 
Among women, the total number of cancer deaths recorded increased from 259,467 in 1998 to 264,006 in 1999 (Table 7Go). Adjusting for changes in ICD coding rules reduced the increase from 4,539 to 2,775 cancer deaths. There were 413 fewer female lung cancer deaths in 1999, compared with the year before, due to a decrease of 1.6 percent of lung cancer deaths resulting from the implementation of ICD-10. Accounting for this change resulted in 615 more lung cancer deaths in 1999 compared with 1998, consistent with the long-term increasing trend. Female breast cancer deaths decreased by 593, and decreased even more (827 deaths) when accounting for changes in ICD coding rules. The number of colorectal cancer deaths among females has remained fairly constant in recent years.

    Lifetime Probability of Developing Cancer
The lifetime probability of developing cancer is higher for men (43.39 percent) than for women (38.25 percent) (Table 9Go). However, because of breast cancer, women have a slightly higher probability of developing cancer before the age of 60.


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TABLE 9 Probability of Developing Invasive Cancers within Selected Age Intervals, by Gender, US, 1996 to 1998*
 

    CANCER OCCURRENCE BY RACE/ETHNICITY
 TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 SELECTED FINDINGS
 CANCER OCCURRENCE BY...
 CANCER IN CHILDREN
 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE...
 REFERENCES
 
Cancer incidence and mortality rates vary considerably among racial and ethnic groups (Table 8Go). Overall, African Americans have the highest incidence and mortality rates for cancer. Incidence rate is 60 percent higher in African Americans than in Hispanics and Asian/Pacific Islanders and is more than twice as high as the rate for American Indians. Similarly, the mortality rate from cancer is about 33 percent higher in African Americans than among whites, and more than twice as high as cancer death rates in Asian/Pacific Islanders, American Indians, and Hispanics. Except for female breast cancer incidence and female lung cancer death rates, where rates are highest in whites, race- and sex-specific incidence and death rates for the most common cancer sites are higher for African Americans than for any of the other racial and ethnic groups.

From 1992 through 1998, cancer incidence rates decreased by 2 percent per year among Hispanics, by 1.7 percent for African Americans, and by 1.2 percent for whites, while rates remained relatively stable among American Indians/Alaska Natives and Asian/Pacific Islanders (data not shown). Similarly, the annual mortality rate for all cancer sites combined decreased 1.3 percent in African Americans, 1.2 percent in Asian/Pacific Islanders, 1.1 percent among whites, and 0.9 percent among Hispanics; and it leveled off in American Indians/Alaska Natives. For race- and sex-specific trends, African-American men showed the largest decrease in both incidence and mortality during the same calendar years.

    Cancer Survival By Race
A poorer probability of survival once a cancer diagnosis is made contributes to the higher death rates among African-American men and women. African Americans are less likely than whites to be diagnosed with cancer at a localized stage, when the disease may be more easily and successfully treated, and are more likely to be diagnosed with cancer at a regional or distant stage of disease. This is true for most of the common cancer sites (Figure 6Go). Furthermore, for nearly every cancer site, African Americans have lower five-year relative survival rates than whites at each stage of diagnosis (Figure 7Go), suggesting the possible influences of differences in treatment, tumor pathology, and comorbid conditions.


Figure 6
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FIGURE 6 Distribution of Cancer Cases by Race and Stage at Diagnosis, US, 1992 to 1997

*The rate for local stage represents local and regional stages combined.

Note: Staging according to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) historic stage categories rather than the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system.

For each site and race, stage categories do not total 100% because sufficient information is not available to assign a stage to all cancer cases.

Source: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program, 1973 to 1998, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 2001.

 

Figure 7
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FIGURE 7 Five-Year Relative Survival Rates by Race and Stage at Diagnosis, US, 1992 to 1997

*The standard error is between five and 10 percentage points.

{dagger}The standard error is greater than 10 percentage points.

{ddagger}The rate for local stage represents local and regional stages combined.

Note: Staging according to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) historic stage categories rather than the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system.

Source: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program, 1973 to 1998, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 2001.

 
Importantly, there have been notable improvements over time in the probability of survival from most of the common cancer sites and from all cancers combined (Table 10Go). This is true for both whites and African Americans. Cancer sites without significant improvements in survival in the past 25 years include uterine cervix, larynx, and oral cavity.


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TABLE 10 Trends in Five-Year Relative Cancer Survival Rates* (%) by Race and Year of Diagnosis, US, 1974 to 1997
 

    CANCER IN CHILDREN
 TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 SELECTED FINDINGS
 CANCER OCCURRENCE BY...
 CANCER IN CHILDREN
 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE...
 REFERENCES
 
Cancer is the second leading cause of death among children between the ages of one and 14 in the United States; accidents are the most frequent cause of death in this age group (Table 11Go). The most commonly occurring cancers found in children are leukemias (in particular, acute lymphocytic leukemia), tumors of the central and sympathetic nervous systems, lymphomas, soft-tissue sarcomas, and renal tumors.9 Over the past 25 years, there have been significant improvements in the five-year relative survival rate for many childhood cancers, especially acute lymphocytic and acute myeloid leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and Wilms' Tumor (Table 12Go). Between the years 1974 to 1976 and 1992 to 1997, the five-year relative survival rate among children for all cancer sites combined improved from 55.7 to 77.1 percent.9


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TABLE 11 Fifteen Leading Causes of Death Among Children Ages 1 to 14, US, 1999
 

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TABLE 12 Trends in Five-Year Relative Cancer Survival Rates* (%) for Children Under Age 15, US, 1974 to 1997
 

    LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES
 TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 SELECTED FINDINGS
 CANCER OCCURRENCE BY...
 CANCER IN CHILDREN
 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE...
 REFERENCES
 
When tracking trends over time, estimates of the expected numbers of new cancer cases and cancer deaths should be interpreted with caution. These estimates may vary considerably from year to year, particularly for less common cancers and for states with smaller populations. For this reason, we discourage the use of these estimates to track year-to-year changes in cancer occurrence and death. The recorded number of cancer deaths and cancer death rates from the NCHS, and SEER cancer incidence rates are generally more informative for tracking cancer trends. For example, breast cancer incidence rates stabilized between 1973 and 1980, increased by 3.8 percent per year between 1980 and 1987, and by 1.1 percent per year between 1992 and 1998, due to increasing utilization of mammography.

Our estimates are based on the most currently available cancer mortality and incidence data; however, these data are three and four years old, respectively, at the time that the estimates are calculated. Unanticipated changes that may have occurred in the three-or four-year interval between 1998 or 1999 and 2002 are not captured by our modeling efforts. Finally, our estimates of new cancer cases are based on incidence rates for the geographic locations that participate in the SEER program and, therefore, may not be representative of the entire United States.

For the 1999 mortality data, the underlying causes of deaths were coded and classified using ICD-10 coding rules, replacing ICD-9 coding designations used for deaths occurring between 1979 and 1998. Several important changes have taken place in selection and coding of primary sites of malignant neoplasm in ICD-10 codes, including the following two changes:

  1. Order of entry in the medical certificate of death is not used to identify neoplasms as primary or secondary. For example, when two or more cancer sites, which are not listed as common sites of metastasis, appear together in Part I of a medical certificate of death, the underlying cause of death is assigned to malignant neoplasms of independent (primary) multiple sites.
  2. Lung cancer has been added to the list of common sites of metastasis and is considered secondary whenever it appears in Part I of the medical death certification with any other cancer site not on the list.

These coding changes will undoubtedly affect the temporal trends of various cancer mortalities. For the changes in the number of deaths from the most common cancer sites between 1998 and 1999, we have accounted for the change in ICD coding rules using a comparability ratio conversion method, and assumed that they are not influenced by sex.12

Despite these limitations, the American Cancer Society estimates do provide evidence of current patterns of cancer incidence and mortality in the United States. Such estimates will assist us in our continuing effort to reduce the public health burden of cancer.


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TABLE 1 Estimated New Cancer Cases and Deaths by Gender, US, 2002*
 

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TABLE 8 Average Annual Incidence and Mortality Rates* for Selected Cancer Sites by Race and Ethnicity, US, 1992 to 1998
 

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TABLE 13 Cancer Around the World, Death Rates* per 100,000 Population for 45 Countries, 2000
 

    Acknowledgments
 
The authors thank Cheryll Cardinez, Vilma Cokkinides, PhD, April Harris, and Emmanuel Ntekop for their assistance in preparation of this manuscript.


    Footnotes
 
This article is also available at www.cancer.org.


    REFERENCES
 TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 SELECTED FINDINGS
 CANCER OCCURRENCE BY...
 CANCER IN CHILDREN
 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE...
 REFERENCES
 

  1. National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Vital Statistics, Centers for Disease Control. Available at: www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss.htm. Accessed October, 2001.
  2. National Cancer Institute, DCCPS, Surveillance Research Program, Cancer Statistics Branch. SEER Program Public-Use Data Tapes 1973-1998, August 2000 Submission. Released April 2001.
  3. US Census Bureau. Available at: www.census.gov. Accessed October, 2001.
  4. Manual of the international statistical classification of diseases, injuries, and causes of death. Vol 1, tenth revision. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1992.
  5. Manual of the international statistical classification of diseases, injuries, and causes of death: Vol 1, ninth revision. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1975.
  6. Percy C, Van Holten V, Muir C (eds). International classification of diseases for oncology, ed 2. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1990.
  7. Wingo PA, Landis S, Parker S, et al. Using cancer registry and vital statistics data to estimate the number of new cancer cases and deaths in the US for the upcoming year. J Reg Management 1998;25:43–51.
  8. Howe HL, Wingo PA, Thun MJ, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer (1973 through 1998), featuring cancers with recent increasing trends. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001;93:824–842.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  9. Ries LAG, Eisner MP, Kosary CL, et al. (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973-1998. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 2001.
  10. Wingo PA, Landis S, Ries LAG. An adjustment to the 1997 estimate for new prostate cancer cases. CA Cancer J Clin 1997;47:239–242.[Medline]
  11. Hankey BF, Feuer EJ, Clegg LX, et al. Cancer surveillance series: Interpreting trends in prostate cancer-part I: Evidence of the effects of screening in recent prostate cancer incidence, mortality, and survival rates. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:1017–1024.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  12. Anderson RN, Minino AM, Hoyet DL, Rosenberg HM. Comparability of causes of death between ICD-9 and ICD-10: Preliminary estimates. National Vital Statistics Reports 2001;49:1–32.
  13. Feuer EJ, Wun LM. DEVCAN: Probability of Developing or Dying of Cancer (Software), version 4. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 2000.



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Molecular Cancer TherapeuticsHome page
U. K. Misra, Y. Mowery, S. Kaczowka, and S. V. Pizzo
Ligation of cancer cell surface GRP78 with antibodies directed against its COOH-terminal domain up-regulates p53 activity and promotes apoptosis
Mol. Cancer Ther., May 1, 2009; 8(5): 1350 - 1362.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
X. Liu, L. F. Sempere, F. Galimberti, S. J. Freemantle, C. Black, K. H. Dragnev, Y. Ma, S. Fiering, V. Memoli, H. Li, et al.
Uncovering Growth-Suppressive MicroRNAs in Lung Cancer
Clin. Cancer Res., February 15, 2009; 15(4): 1177 - 1183.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
W. Li, C.-P. Yu, J.-t. Xia, L. Zhang, G.-X. Weng, H.-q. Zheng, Q.-l. Kong, L.-j. Hu, M.-S. Zeng, Y.-x. Zeng, et al.
Sphingosine Kinase 1 Is Associated with Gastric Cancer Progression and Poor Survival of Patients
Clin. Cancer Res., February 15, 2009; 15(4): 1393 - 1399.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Biol. Reprod.Home page
A. Eroglu, S. E. Bailey, M. Toner, and T. L. Toth
Successful Cryopreservation of Mouse Oocytes by Using Low Concentrations of Trehalose and Dimethylsulfoxide
Biol Reprod, January 1, 2009; 80(1): 70 - 78.
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J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.Home page
G. Veronesi, M. Bellomi, P. Scanagatta, L. Preda, C. Rampinelli, J. Guarize, G. Pelosi, P. Maisonneuve, F. Leo, P. Solli, et al.
Difficulties encountered managing nodules detected during a computed tomography lung cancer screening program
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., September 1, 2008; 136(3): 611 - 617.
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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
A. Kleespies, I. Ischenko, M. E. Eichhorn, H. Seeliger, C. Amendt, O. Mantell, K.-W. Jauch, and C. J. Bruns
Matuzumab Short-Term Therapy in Experimental Pancreatic Cancer: Prolonged Antitumor Activity in Combination with Gemcitabine
Clin. Cancer Res., September 1, 2008; 14(17): 5426 - 5436.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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CMAJHome page
A. Thomas MD and R. Lenox MD
Pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis as a primary manifestation of colon cancer in a young adult
Can. Med. Assoc. J., August 12, 2008; 179(4): 338 - 340.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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JCOHome page
S. C. Hayes, M. Janda, B. Cornish, D. Battistutta, and B. Newman
Lymphedema After Breast Cancer: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Effect on Upper Body Function
J. Clin. Oncol., July 20, 2008; 26(21): 3536 - 3542.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Arch Intern MedHome page
A. H. Calderwood, D. Huo, and D. T. Rubin
Association Between Colorectal Cancer and Urologic Cancers
Arch Intern Med, May 12, 2008; 168(9): 1003 - 1009.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Molecular Cancer TherapeuticsHome page
S. V. Madhunapantula, D. Desai, A. Sharma, S. J. Huh, S. Amin, and G. P. Robertson
PBISe, a novel selenium-containing drug for the treatment of malignant melanoma
Mol. Cancer Ther., May 1, 2008; 7(5): 1297 - 1308.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
E. Baryshnikova, A. Destro, M. V. Infante, S. Cavuto, U. Cariboni, M. Alloisio, G. L. Ceresoli, R. Lutman, G. Brambilla, G. Chiesa, et al.
Molecular Alterations in Spontaneous Sputum of Cancer-Free Heavy Smokers: Results from a Large Screening Program
Clin. Cancer Res., March 15, 2008; 14(6): 1913 - 1919.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.Home page
C. M. Ronckers, M. M. Doody, J. E. Lonstein, M. Stovall, and C. E. Land
Multiple Diagnostic X-rays for Spine Deformities and Risk of Breast Cancer
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2008; 17(3): 605 - 613.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cancer Res.Home page
M. de la Luz Garcia-Hernandez, A. Gray, B. Hubby, O. J. Klinger, and W. M. Kast
Prostate Stem Cell Antigen Vaccination Induces a Long-term Protective Immune Response against Prostate Cancer in the Absence of Autoimmunity
Cancer Res., February 1, 2008; 68(3): 861 - 869.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol Cancer ResHome page
H. Uemura, H. Ishiguro, Y. Ishiguro, K. Hoshino, S. Takahashi, and Y. Kubota
Angiotensin II Induces Oxidative Stress in Prostate Cancer
Mol. Cancer Res., February 1, 2008; 6(2): 250 - 258.
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Am. J. Roentgenol.Home page
T. J. Dubinsky, C. Cuevas, M. K. Dighe, O. Kolokythas, and J. H. Hwang
High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound: Current Potential and Oncologic Applications
Am. J. Roentgenol., January 1, 2008; 190(1): 191 - 199.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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CarcinogenesisHome page
E.L. Crawford, T. Blomquist, D.N. Mullins, Y. Yoon, D.R. Hernandez, M. Al-Bagdhadi, J. Ruiz, J. Hammersley, and J.C. Willey
CEBPG regulates ERCC5/XPG expression in human bronchial epithelial cells and this regulation is modified by E2F1/YY1 interactions
Carcinogenesis, December 1, 2007; 28(12): 2552 - 2559.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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CarcinogenesisHome page
M. Mrkonjic, S. Raptis, R. C. Green, N. Monga, D. Daftary, E. Dicks, H.B. Younghusband, P. S. Parfrey, S. S. Gallinger, J. R. McLaughlin, et al.
MSH2 118T>C and MSH6 159C>T promoter polymorphisms and the risk of colorectal cancer
Carcinogenesis, December 1, 2007; 28(12): 2575 - 2580.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Hum Mol GenetHome page
A. Matakidou, R. el Galta, E. L. Webb, M. F. Rudd, H. Bridle, the GELCAPS Consortium, T. Eisen, and R. S. Houlston
Genetic variation in the DNA repair genes is predictive of outcome in lung cancer
Hum. Mol. Genet., October 1, 2007; 16(19): 2333 - 2340.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Ann. Thorac. Surg.Home page
G. Veronesi, M. Bellomi, U. Veronesi, G. Paganelli, P. Maisonneuve, P. Scanagatta, F. Leo, G. Pelosi, L. Travaini, C. Rampinelli, et al.
Role of Positron Emission Tomography Scanning in the Management of Lung Nodules Detected at Baseline Computed Tomography Screening
Ann. Thorac. Surg., September 1, 2007; 84(3): 959 - 966.
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Cancer Res.Home page
W. A. Zagorski, E. S. Knudsen, and M. F. Reed
Retinoblastoma Deficiency Increases Chemosensitivity in Lung Cancer
Cancer Res., September 1, 2007; 67(17): 8264 - 8273.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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JNMHome page
F. Wang, Z. Wang, W. Yao, H. Xie, J. Xu, and L. Tian
Role of 99mTc-Octreotide Acetate Scintigraphy in Suspected Lung Cancer Compared with 18F-FDG Dual-Head Coincidence Imaging
J. Nucl. Med., September 1, 2007; 48(9): 1442 - 1448.
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Postgrad. Med. J.Home page
S. Sharma and S. J D O'Keefe
Environmental influences on the high mortality from colorectal cancer in African Americans
Postgrad. Med. J., September 1, 2007; 83(983): 583 - 589.
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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
T.-M. Hong, Y.-L. Chen, Y.-Y. Wu, A. Yuan, Y.-C. Chao, Y.-C. Chung, M.-H. Wu, S.-C. Yang, S.-H. Pan, J.-Y. Shih, et al.
Targeting Neuropilin 1 as an Antitumor Strategy in Lung Cancer
Clin. Cancer Res., August 15, 2007; 13(16): 4759 - 4768.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
I. Basu, G. Cordovano, I. Das, T. J. Belbin, C. Guha, and V. L. Schramm
A Transition State Analogue of 5'-Methylthioadenosine Phosphorylase Induces Apoptosis in Head and Neck Cancers
J. Biol. Chem., July 20, 2007; 282(29): 21477 - 21486.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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RadiologyHome page
H. Alencar, M. A. Funovics, J. Figueiredo, H. Sawaya, R. Weissleder, and U. Mahmood
Colonic Adenocarcinomas: Near-Infrared Microcatheter Imaging of Smart Probes for Early Detection--Study in Mice
Radiology, July 1, 2007; 244(1): 232 - 238.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol. Cell. ProteomicsHome page
J. Zhao, A. C. Chang, C. Li, K. A. Shedden, D. G. Thomas, D. E. Misek, A. P. Manoharan, T. J. Giordano, D. G. Beer, and D. M. Lubman
Comparative Proteomics Analysis of Barrett Metaplasia and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Using Two-dimensional Liquid Mass Mapping
Mol. Cell. Proteomics, June 1, 2007; 6(6): 987 - 999.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
R. J. Ford, L. Shen, Y. C. Lin-Lee, L. V. Pham, A. Multani, H.-J. Zhou, A. T. Tamayo, C. Zhang, L. Hawthorn, J. K. Cowell, et al.
Development of a murine model for blastoid variant mantle-cell lymphoma
Blood, June 1, 2007; 109(11): 4899 - 4906.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Arch DermatolHome page
D. Sariya, K. Ruth, R. Adams-McDonnell, C. Cusack, X. Xu, R. Elenitsas, J. Seykora, T. Pasha, P. Zhang, M. Baldassano, et al.
Clinicopathologic Correlation of Cutaneous Metastases: Experience From a Cancer Center
Arch Dermatol, May 1, 2007; 143(5): 613 - 620.
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Cancer Res.Home page
A. R. Hussain, N. A. Al-Jomah, A. K. Siraj, P. Manogaran, K. Al-Hussein, J. Abubaker, L. C. Platanias, K. S. Al-Kuraya, and S. Uddin
Sanguinarine-Dependent Induction of Apoptosis in Primary Effusion Lymphoma Cells
Cancer Res., April 15, 2007; 67(8): 3888 - 3897.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cancer Res.Home page
E. J. Quann, F. Khwaja, K. H. Zavitz, and D. Djakiew
The Aryl Propionic Acid R-Flurbiprofen Selectively Induces p75NTR-Dependent Decreased Survival of Prostate Tumor Cells
Cancer Res., April 1, 2007; 67(7): 3254 - 3262.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Molecular Cancer TherapeuticsHome page
T.-J. Liu, T. LaFortune, T. Honda, O. Ohmori, S. Hatakeyama, T. Meyer, D. Jackson, J. de Groot, and W.K. A. Yung
Inhibition of both focal adhesion kinase and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor kinase suppresses glioma proliferation in vitro and in vivo
Mol. Cancer Ther., April 1, 2007; 6(4): 1357 - 1367.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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JNCI J Natl Cancer InstHome page
S. Raptis, M. Mrkonjic, R. C. Green, V. V. Pethe, N. Monga, Y. M. Chan, D. Daftary, E. Dicks, B. H. Younghusband, P. S. Parfrey, et al.
MLH1 -93G>A Promoter Polymorphism and the Risk of Microsatellite-Unstable Colorectal Cancer
J Natl Cancer Inst, March 21, 2007; 99(6): 463 - 474.
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Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
A. Giangreco, K. R. Groot, and S. M. Janes
Lung Cancer and Lung Stem Cells: Strange Bedfellows?
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., March 15, 2007; 175(6): 547 - 553.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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ANN INTERN MEDHome page
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force*
Routine Aspirin or Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs for the Primary Prevention of Colorectal Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement
Ann Intern Med, March 6, 2007; 146(5): 361 - 364.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Hum Reprod UpdateHome page
P. C.K. Leung and J.-H. Choi
Endocrine signaling in ovarian surface epithelium and cancer
Hum. Reprod. Update, March 1, 2007; 13(2): 143 - 162.
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Asian Cardiovasc. Thorac. Ann.Home page
C. Gebitekin, A. S Bayram, B. Tunca, and S. A Balaban
Clinical Significance of p53 Gene Mutation in T1-2N0 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann, February 1, 2007; 15(1): 35 - 38.
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Cancer Res.Home page
M. d. l. L. Garcia-Hernandez, A. Gray, B. Hubby, and W. M. Kast
In vivo Effects of Vaccination with Six-Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of the Prostate: A Candidate Antigen for Treating Prostate Cancer
Cancer Res., February 1, 2007; 67(3): 1344 - 1351.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Ann OncolHome page
T Andre, C Tournigand, L Mineur, R Fellague-Chebra, M Flesch, M Mabro, M Hebbar, S Postel Vinay, F. Bidard, C Louvet, et al.
Phase II study of an optimized 5-fluorouracil-oxaliplatin strategy (OPTIMOX2) with celecoxib in metastatic colorectal cancer: a GERCOR study
Ann. Onc., January 1, 2007; 18(1): 77 - 81.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Pathol.Home page
R. Schwaninger, C. A. Rentsch, A. Wetterwald, G. van der Horst, R. L. van Bezooijen, G. van der Pluijm, C. W.G.M. Lowik, K. Ackermann, W. Pyerin, F. C. Hamdy, et al.
Lack of Noggin Expression by Cancer Cells Is a Determinant of the Osteoblast Response in Bone Metastases
Am. J. Pathol., January 1, 2007; 170(1): 160 - 175.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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JNMHome page
H. Kuehl, P. Veit, S. J. Rosenbaum, A. Bockisch, and G. Antoch
Can PET/CT Replace Separate Diagnostic CT for Cancer Imaging? Optimizing CT Protocols for Imaging Cancers of the Chest and Abdomen
J. Nucl. Med., January 1, 2007; 48(1_suppl): 45S - 57S.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Journal of the American Dental AssociationHome page
N. J. D'Silva, D.-J. Summerlin, K. G. Cordell, R. A. Abdelsayed, C. E. Tomich, C. T. Hanks, D. Fear, and S. Meyrowitz
Metastatic tumors in the jaws: A retrospective study of 114 cases
J Am Dent Assoc, December 1, 2006; 137(12): 1667 - 1672.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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CarcinogenesisHome page
E. Lee, M.-K. Choi, Y.-J. Lee, J.-L. Ku, K.-H. Kim, J.-S. Choi, and S.-J. Lim
Alpha-tocopheryl succinate, in contrast to alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl acetate, inhibits prostaglandin E2 production in human lung epithelial cells
Carcinogenesis, November 1, 2006; 27(11): 2308 - 2315.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cancer Res.Home page
J.-Z. Qin, H. Xin, L. A. Sitailo, M. F. Denning, and B. J. Nickoloff
Enhanced Killing of Melanoma Cells by Simultaneously Targeting Mcl-1 and NOXA
Cancer Res., October 1, 2006; 66(19): 9636 - 9645.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cancer Res.Home page
K. Gao, D. L. Dai, M. Martinka, and G. Li
Prognostic Significance of Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B p105/p50 in Human Melanoma and Its Role in Cell Migration.
Cancer Res., September 1, 2006; 66(17): 8382 - 8388.
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Molecular Cancer TherapeuticsHome page
S. Khanbolooki, S. T. Nawrocki, T. Arumugam, R. Andtbacka, M. S. Pino, R. Kurzrock, C. D. Logsdon, J. L. Abbruzzese, and D. J. McConkey
Nuclear factor-{kappa}B maintains TRAIL resistance in human pancreatic cancer cells.
Mol. Cancer Ther., September 1, 2006; 5(9): 2251 - 2260.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
Y.-w. Wang, Y. Qu, J.-f. Li, X.-h. Chen, B.-y. Liu, Q.-l. Gu, and Z.-g. Zhu
In vitro and In vivo Evidence of Metallopanstimulin-1 in Gastric Cancer Progression and Tumorigenicity.
Clin. Cancer Res., August 15, 2006; 12(16): 4965 - 4973.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol Cancer ResHome page
D. M. Kokkinakis, A. G. Brickner, J. M. Kirkwood, X. Liu, J. E. Goldwasser, A. Kastrama, C. Sander, D. Bocangel, and S. Chada
Mitotic Arrest, Apoptosis, and Sensitization to Chemotherapy of Melanomas by Methionine Deprivation Stress
Mol. Cancer Res., August 1, 2006; 4(8): 575 - 589.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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JCOHome page
R. M. Goldberg, D. J. Sargent, R. F. Morton, C. S. Fuchs, R. K. Ramanathan, S. K. Williamson, B. P. Findlay, H. C. Pitot, and S. Alberts
Randomized Controlled Trial of Reduced-Dose Bolus Fluorouracil Plus Leucovorin and Irinotecan or Infused Fluorouracil Plus Leucovorin and Oxaliplatin in Patients With Previously Untreated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A North American Intergroup Trial
J. Clin. Oncol., July 20, 2006; 24(21): 3347 - 3353.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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JNCI J Natl Cancer InstHome page
M.-F. Tsai, C.-C. Wang, G.-C. Chang, C.-Y. Chen, H.-Y. Chen, C.-L. Cheng, Y.-P. Yang, C.-Y. Wu, F.-Y. Shih, C.-C. Liu, et al.
A new tumor suppressor DnaJ-like heat shock protein, HLJ1, and survival of patients with non-small-cell lung carcinoma.
J Natl Cancer Inst, June 21, 2006; 98(12): 825 - 838.
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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
T. Tanaka, J. Huang, S. Hirai, M. Kuroki, M. Kuroki, N. Watanabe, K. Tomihara, K. Kato, and H. Hamada
Carcinoembryonic Antigen-Targeted Selective Gene Therapy for Gastric Cancer through FZ33 Fiber-Modified Adenovirus Vectors.
Clin. Cancer Res., June 15, 2006; 12(12): 3803 - 3813.
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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
U. K. Misra, R. Deedwania, and S. V. Pizzo
Activation and Cross-talk between Akt, NF-{kappa}B, and Unfolded Protein Response Signaling in 1-LN Prostate Cancer Cells Consequent to Ligation of Cell Surface-associated GRP78
J. Biol. Chem., May 12, 2006; 281(19): 13694 - 13707.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Molecular Cancer TherapeuticsHome page
T. Aikawa, J. Gunn, S. M. Spong, S. J. Klaus, and M. Korc
Connective tissue growth factor-specific antibody attenuates tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis in an orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic cancer
Mol. Cancer Ther., May 1, 2006; 5(5): 1108 - 1116.
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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
M. Kosugi, A. Miyajima, E. Kikuchi, Y. Horiguchi, and M. Murai
Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Antagonist Candesartan as an Angiogenic Inhibitor in a Xenograft Model of Bladder Cancer.
Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2006; 12(9): 2888 - 2893.
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Mol Cancer ResHome page
B. R. Vuillemenot, J. A. Hutt, and S. A. Belinsky
Gene Promoter Hypermethylation in Mouse Lung Tumors
Mol. Cancer Res., April 1, 2006; 4(4): 267 - 273.
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Cancer Res.Home page
S. A. Belinsky, K. C. Liechty, F. D. Gentry, H. J. Wolf, J. Rogers, K. Vu, J. Haney, T. C. Kennedy, F. R. Hirsch, Y. Miller, et al.
Promoter hypermethylation of multiple genes in sputum precedes lung cancer incidence in a high-risk cohort.
Cancer Res., March 15, 2006; 66(6): 3338 - 3344.
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Molecular Cancer TherapeuticsHome page
H. Caldas, F. O. Jaynes, M. W. Boyer, S. Hammond, and R. A. Altura
Survivin and Granzyme B-induced apoptosis, a novel anticancer therapy.
Mol. Cancer Ther., March 1, 2006; 5(3): 693 - 703.
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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
W.-W. Jiang, E. Rosenbaum, E. Mambo, M. Zahurak, B. Masayesva, A. L. Carvalho, S. Zhou, W. H. Westra, A. J. Alberg, D. Sidransky, et al.
Decreased Mitochondrial DNA Content in Posttreatment Salivary Rinses from Head and Neck Cancer Patients
Clin. Cancer Res., March 1, 2006; 12(5): 1564 - 1569.
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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
G. Brandacher, A. Perathoner, R. Ladurner, S. Schneeberger, P. Obrist, C. Winkler, E. R. Werner, G. Werner-Felmayer, H. G. Weiss, G. Gobel, et al.
Prognostic Value of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Expression in Colorectal Cancer: Effect on Tumor-Infiltrating T Cells
Clin. Cancer Res., February 15, 2006; 12(4): 1144 - 1151.
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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
J. S. Schleypen, N. Baur, R. Kammerer, P. J. Nelson, K. Rohrmann, E. F. Grone, M. Hohenfellner, A. Haferkamp, H. Pohla, D. J. Schendel, et al.
Cytotoxic Markers and Frequency Predict Functional Capacity of Natural Killer Cells Infiltrating Renal Cell Carcinoma
Clin. Cancer Res., February 1, 2006; 12(3): 718 - 725.
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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
J. R. McWhirter, A. Kretz-Rommel, A. Saven, T. Maruyama, K. N. Potter, C. I. Mockridge, E. P. Ravey, F. Qin, and K. S. Bowdish
Antibodies selected from combinatorial libraries block a tumor antigen that plays a key role in immunomodulation
PNAS, January 24, 2006; 103(4): 1041 - 1046.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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JCOHome page
C. Tournigand, A. Cervantes, A. Figer, G. Lledo, M. Flesch, M. Buyse, L. Mineur, E. Carola, P.-L. Etienne, F. Rivera, et al.
OPTIMOX1: A Randomized Study of FOLFOX4 or FOLFOX7 With Oxaliplatin in a Stop-and-Go Fashion in Advanced Colorectal Cancer--A GERCOR Study
J. Clin. Oncol., January 20, 2006; 24(3): 394 - 400.
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GutHome page
P Veit, C Kuhle, T Beyer, H Kuehl, C U Herborn, G Borsch, H Stergar, J Barkhausen, A Bockisch, and G Antoch
Whole body positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) tumour staging with integrated PET/CT colonography: technical feasibility and first experiences in patients with colorectal cancer
Gut, January 1, 2006; 55(1): 68 - 73.
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EndocrinologyHome page
J. A. Magee, L.-w. Chang, G. D. Stormo, and J. Milbrandt
Direct, Androgen Receptor-Mediated Regulation of the FKBP5 Gene via a Distal Enhancer Element
Endocrinology, January 1, 2006; 147(1): 590 - 598.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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CarcinogenesisHome page
D. Wei, M. Kanai, S. Huang, and K. Xie
Emerging role of KLF4 in human gastrointestinal cancer
Carcinogenesis, January 1, 2006; 27(1): 23 - 31.
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JCOHome page
S. Tauro, C. Craddock, K. Peggs, G. Begum, P. Mahendra, G. Cook, J. Marsh, D. Milligan, A. Goldstone, A. Hunter, et al.
Allogeneic Stem-Cell Transplantation Using a Reduced-Intensity Conditioning Regimen Has the Capacity to Produce Durable Remissions and Long-Term Disease-Free Survival in Patients With High-Risk Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplasia
J. Clin. Oncol., December 20, 2005; 23(36): 9387 - 9393.
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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
T. Zhang, H.-C. Sun, Y. Xu, K.-Z. Zhang, L. Wang, L.-X. Qin, W.-Z. Wu, Y.-K. Liu, S.-L. Ye, and Z.-Y. Tang
Overexpression of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor {alpha} in Endothelial Cells of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Associated with High Metastatic Potential
Clin. Cancer Res., December 15, 2005; 11(24): 8557 - 8563.
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ChestHome page
C. L. Nguyen, W. J. Scott, N. A. Young, T. Rader, L. R. Giles, and M. Goldberg
Radiofrequency Ablation of Primary Lung Cancer: Results From an Ablate and Resect Pilot Study
Chest, November 1, 2005; 128(5): 3507 - 3511.
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H. Takeuchi, J. Kim, A. Fujimoto, N. Umetani, T. Mori, A. Bilchik, R. Turner, A. Tran, C. Kuo, and D. S.B. Hoon
X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein Expression Level in Colorectal Cancer Is Regulated by Hepatocyte Growth Factor/C-Met Pathway via Akt Signaling
Clin. Cancer Res., November 1, 2005; 11(21): 7621 - 7628.
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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
M. T. Hueman, Z. A. Dehqanzada, T. E. Novak, J. M. Gurney, M. M. Woll, G. B. Ryan, C. E. Storrer, C. Fisher, D. G. McLeod, C. G. Ioannides, et al.
Phase I Clinical Trial of a HER-2/neu Peptide (E75) Vaccine for the Prevention of Prostate-Specific Antigen Recurrence in High-Risk Prostate Cancer Patients
Clin. Cancer Res., October 15, 2005; 11(20): 7470 - 7479.
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Cancer Res.Home page
S. Banerjee, Y. Zhang, S. Ali, M. Bhuiyan, Z. Wang, P. J. Chiao, P. A. Philip, J. Abbruzzese, and F. H. Sarkar
Molecular Evidence for Increased Antitumor Activity of Gemcitabine by Genistein In vitro and In vivo Using an Orthotopic Model of Pancreatic Cancer
Cancer Res., October 1, 2005; 65(19): 9064 - 9072.
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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
S. A. Belinsky, D. M. Klinge, J. D. Dekker, M. W. Smith, T. J. Bocklage, F. D. Gilliland, R. E. Crowell, D. D. Karp, C. A. Stidley, and M. A. Picchi
Gene Promoter Methylation in Plasma and Sputum Increases with Lung Cancer Risk
Clin. Cancer Res., September 15, 2005; 11(18): 6505 - 6511.
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JCOHome page
H. Choy, A. Nabid, B. Stea, C. Scott, W. Roa, L. Kleinberg, J. Ayoub, C. Smith, L. Souhami, S. Hamburg, et al.
Phase II Multicenter Study of Induction Chemotherapy Followed by Concurrent Efaproxiral (RSR13) and Thoracic Radiotherapy for Patients With Locally Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
J. Clin. Oncol., September 1, 2005; 23(25): 5918 - 5928.
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RadiologyHome page
F. Wu, Z.-B. Wang, H. Zhu, W.-Z. Chen, J.-Z. Zou, J. Bai, K.-Q. Li, C.-B. Jin, F.-L. Xie, and H.-B. Su
Feasibility of US-guided High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Treatment in Patients with Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: Initial Experience
Radiology, September 1, 2005; 236(3): 1034 - 1040.
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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. Herman-Antosiewicz and S. V. Singh
Checkpoint Kinase 1 Regulates Diallyl Trisulfide-induced Mitotic Arrest in Human Prostate Cancer Cells
J. Biol. Chem., August 5, 2005; 280(31): 28519 - 28528.
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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
T. Arumugam, D. M. Simeone, K. Van Golen, and C. D. Logsdon
S100P Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Growth, Survival, and Invasion
Clin. Cancer Res., August 1, 2005; 11(15): 5356 - 5364.
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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
U. K. Misra, R. Deedwania, and S. V. Pizzo
Binding of Activated {alpha}2-Macroglobulin to Its Cell Surface Receptor GRP78 in 1-LN Prostate Cancer Cells Regulates PAK-2-dependent Activation of LIMK
J. Biol. Chem., July 15, 2005; 280(28): 26278 - 26286.
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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
T. Friess, W. Scheuer, and M. Hasmann
Combination Treatment with Erlotinib and Pertuzumab against Human Tumor Xenografts Is Superior to Monotherapy
Clin. Cancer Res., July 15, 2005; 11(14): 5300 - 5309.
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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
J. E. Ippolito, J. Xu, S. Jain, K. Moulder, S. Mennerick, J. R. Crowley, R. R. Townsend, and J. I. Gordon
An integrated functional genomics and metabolomics approach for defining poor prognosis in human neuroendocrine cancers
PNAS, July 12, 2005; 102(28): 9901 - 9906.
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ChestHome page
C. M. Mery, A. N. Pappas, R. Bueno, Y. L. Colson, P. Linden, D. J. Sugarbaker, and M. T. Jaklitsch
Similar Long-term Survival of Elderly Patients With Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Lobectomy or Wedge Resection Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database
Chest, July 1, 2005; 128(1): 237 - 245.
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CarcinogenesisHome page
D. J. Waters, S. Shen, L. T. Glickman, D. M. Cooley, D. G. Bostwick, J. Qian, G. F. Combs Jr, and J. S. Morris
Prostate cancer risk and DNA damage: translational significance of selenium supplementation in a canine model
Carcinogenesis, July 1, 2005; 26(7): 1256 - 1262.
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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
H. Kohno, R. Suzuki, S. Sugie, H. Tsuda, and T. Tanaka
Dietary Supplementation with Silymarin Inhibits 3,2'-Dimethyl-4-Aminobiphenyl-Induced Prostate Carcinogenesis in Male F344 Rats
Clin. Cancer Res., July 1, 2005; 11(13): 4962 - 4967.
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JCOHome page
A. Raval, D. M. Lucas, J. J. Matkovic, K. L. Bennett, S. Liyanarachchi, D. C. Young, L. Rassenti, T. J. Kipps, M. R. Grever, J. C. Byrd, et al.
TWIST2 Demonstrates Differential Methylation in Immunoglobulin Variable Heavy Chain Mutated and Unmutated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
J. Clin. Oncol., June 10, 2005; 23(17): 3877 - 3885.
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GutHome page
T R Levin, F A Farraye, R E Schoen, G Hoff, W Atkin, J H Bond, S Winawer, R W Burt, D A Johnson, L M Kirk, et al.
Quality in the technical performance of screening flexible sigmoidoscopy: recommendations of an international multi-society task group
Gut, June 1, 2005; 54(6): 807 - 813.
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ChestHome page
R. Barrera, W. Shi, D. Amar, H. T. Thaler, N. Gabovich, M. S. Bains, and D. A. White
Smoking and Timing of Cessation: Impact on Pulmonary Complications After Thoracotomy
Chest, June 1, 2005; 127(6): 1977 - 1983.
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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
M. Bonham, J. Posakony, I. Coleman, B. Montgomery, J. Simon, and P. S. Nelson
Characterization of Chemical Constituents in Scutellaria baicalensis with Antiandrogenic and Growth-Inhibitory Activities toward Prostate Carcinoma
Clin. Cancer Res., May 15, 2005; 11(10): 3905 - 3914.
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Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.Home page
A. Stone, L. D. Ratnasinghe, G. L. Emerson, R. Modali, T. Lehman, G. Runnells, A. Carroll, W. Carter, S. Barnhart, A. A. Rasheed, et al.
CYP3A43 Pro340Ala Polymorphism and Prostate Cancer Risk in African Americans and Caucasians
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2005; 14(5): 1257 - 1261.
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Journal of the American Dental AssociationHome page
G. D. CRUZ, J. S. OSTROFF, J. V. KUMAR, and S. GAJENDRA
Preventing and detecting oral cancer: Oral health care providers' readiness to provide health behavior counseling and oral cancer examinations
J Am Dent Assoc, May 1, 2005; 136(5): 594 - 601.
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Cancer Res.Home page
Y. Zhang, S. Banerjee, Z.-w. Wang, D. J. Marciniak, A. P.N. Majumdar, and F. H. Sarkar
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Related Protein Inhibits Cell Growth and Induces Apoptosis of BxPC3 Pancreatic Cancer Cells
Cancer Res., May 1, 2005; 65(9): 3877 - 3882.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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AJPHHome page
S. N. Zenk, A. J. Schulz, B. A. Israel, S. A. James, S. Bao, and M. L. Wilson
Neighborhood Racial Composition, Neighborhood Poverty, and the Spatial Accessibility of Supermarkets in Metropolitan Detroit
Am J Public Health, April 1, 2005; 95(4): 660 - 667.
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Toxicol PatholHome page
A. W. Suttie, G. E. Dinse, A. Nyska, G. J. Moser, T. L. Goldsworthy, and R. R. Maronpot
An Investigation of the Effects of Late-Onset Dietary Restriction on Prostate Cancer Development in the TRAMP Mouse
Toxicol Pathol, April 1, 2005; 33(3): 386 - 397.
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Mol. Cell. ProteomicsHome page
R. Chen, S. Pan, T. A. Brentnall, and R. Aebersold
Proteomic Profiling of Pancreatic Cancer for Biomarker Discovery
Mol. Cell. Proteomics, April 1, 2005; 4(4): 523 - 533.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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