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CA Cancer J Clin 2003; 53:5
doi: 10.3322/canjclin.53.1.5
© 2003 American Cancer Society
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Cancer Statistics, 2003

Ahmedin Jemal, PhD, DVM, Taylor Murray, Alicia Samuels, MPH, Asma Ghafoor, MPH, Elizabeth Ward, PhD and Michael J. Thun, MD, MS

Dr. Jemal is Program Director, Cancer Occurrence, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.
Mr. Murray is Manager, Surveillance Data Systems, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.
Ms. Samuels is Manager, Surveillance Information Services, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.
Ms. Ghafoor is Epidemiologist, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.
Dr. Ward is Director, Surveillance Research, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.
Dr. Thun is Vice President, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 SELECTED FINDINGS
 CANCER OCCURRENCE BY...
 CANCER IN CHILDREN
 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE...
 REFERENCES
 
Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year, and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival by using incidence data from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Incidence and death rates are age adjusted to the 2000 US standard population. In the year 2003, we estimate that 1,334,100 new cases of cancer will be diagnosed, and 556,500 people will die from cancer in the United States. Age-adjusted cancer death rates declined in both males and females in the 1990s, though the magnitude of decline is substantially higher in males than in females. In contrast, incidence rates continued to increase in females while stabilizing in males. African-American males showed the largest decline for mortality. However, African Americans still carry the highest burden of cancer with diagnosis of cancer at a later stage and poorer survival within each stage compared with Whites. In spite of the continued decline in cancer death rates in the most recent time period, the total number of recorded cancer deaths in the United States continues to increase slightly due to the aging and expanding population.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 SELECTED FINDINGS
 CANCER OCCURRENCE BY...
 CANCER IN CHILDREN
 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE...
 REFERENCES
 
Cancer remains a major public health problem in the United States and in other developed countries. One in four deaths in the United States is caused by cancer. In order to provide an up-to-date perspective on the occurrence of cancer, the American Cancer Society presents this overview of cancer frequency, incidence, mortality, and survival statistics for the year 2003.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
SELECTED FINDINGS
 CANCER OCCURRENCE BY...
 CANCER IN CHILDREN
 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE...
 REFERENCES
 
    Data Sources
Mortality data were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics.1 Incidence data, including five-year relative survival rates and data on lifetime probability of developing cancer, were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute covering about 10 percent of the US population.2 Population data were obtained from the US Census Bureau.3 Causes of death were coded and classified according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9 and ICD-10).4,5 Cancer cases were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology.6

    Estimated New Cancer Cases
Because complete cancer registration has not yet been achieved in many states of the United States, the precise number of cases of cancer diagnosed each year in the nation and in individual states is unknown. Consequently, for the national estimate we first estimated the number of new cancer cases occurring annually in the United States from 1979 through 1999 by using age-specific cancer incidence rates collected by the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program2 coupled with population data reported by the US Census Bureau.3 We then forecasted the number of cancer cases expected to be diagnosed in the United States in the year 2003 using an autoregressive quadratic model fitted to the annual cancer case estimates.7 For estimates of new cancer cases in individual states, we relied on state cancer death statistical data, and assumed that the ratio of cancer deaths to cancer cases in each state corresponded to that in the United States as a whole.

The observed national trend in prostate cancer incidence was not compatible with the selected forecasting model, as rates increased greatly between 1988 and 1992, declined sharply between 1992 and 1995, and leveled off from 1995 to 1999.8,9 This trend likely reflects extensive use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening in a previously unscreened population and the subsequent increase in diagnosis of early stage cancers.10,11 We therefore assumed that the number of newly diagnosed prostate cancers can best be predicted by the trend before and after the widespread introduction of PSA screening. Our national estimate for 2003 is based on a linear projection that considers data from 1979 to 1989 and 1995 to 1999 only.

    Estimated Cancer Deaths
We estimated the number of cancer deaths expected to occur in the United States and in each state in the year 2003 using underlying cause-of-death data from death certificates as reported to the National Center for Health Statistics.1 The number of cancer deaths recorded annually from 1979 to 2000 in the United States and in each state was fitted with autoregressive quadratic models7 in order to forecast the number of cancer deaths expected to occur in 2003.

    Other Statistics
We provide mortality statistics for the leading causes of death as well as deaths from cancer in the year 2000. Causes of death were coded and classified according to ICD-10, replacing the ICD-9 codes used for deaths in the time interval 1979 to 1998. This report also provides updated statistics on the probability of developing cancer,12 trends in cancer mortality and incidence rates, and five-year relative survival rates for selected cancer types based on data from 1973 through 1999.2 All age-adjusted incidence and death rates are standardized to the 2000 US standard population, and expressed per 100,000 person-years. The change in the age adjustment from the 1970 to the 2000 standard population has been discussed.13,14,15 In general, rates age adjusted to the 2000 population standard are 20 to 50% higher than rates age adjusted to the 1970 standard. Therefore, the absolute rates in this year’s report should not be compared with the age-adjusted rates of previous years based on the 1970 population standard.


   SELECTED FINDINGS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 SELECTED FINDINGS
CANCER OCCURRENCE BY...
 CANCER IN CHILDREN
 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE...
 REFERENCES
 
    Expected Numbers of New Cancer Cases
Table 1Go presents the estimated number of new cancer cases expected in 2003 for men, women, and for both sexes combined. The 1,334,100 estimate of new cases of invasive cancer does not include carcinoma in situ of any type except urinary bladder, nor does it include basal and squamous cell cancers of the skin. More than one million cases of basal and squamous cell skin cancers, 55,700 cases of breast carcinoma in situ, and 37,700 cases of in situ melanoma are expected to be newly diagnosed in 2003. The estimated numbers of new cancer cases for each state and cancer type are shown in Table 2Go.


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  		TABLE 1 Estimated New Cancer Cases and Deaths, by Sex, US, 2003*
 

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  		TABLE 2 ESTIMATED NEW CANCER CASES FOR SELECTED CANCER TYPES BY STATE, US, 2003*
 
Figure 1Go lists the most common cancers expected to occur in men and women in 2003. Among men, cancers of the prostate, lung and bronchus, and colon and rectum comprise over 55 percent of all new incident cancers. Prostate cancer alone accounts for 33 percent (220,900) of new cancer cases in men. Based on the most current data on the stage distribution of prostate cancer cases, however, about 85 percent of these estimated new cases are expected to be diagnosed at local and regional stages, for which five-year relative survival equals 100 percent.


Figure 1
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  		FIGURE 1 Ten Leading Cancer Types for the Estimated New Cancer Cases and Deaths, by Sex, US, 2003*

*Excludes basal and squamous cell skin cancers and in situ carcinomas except urinary bladder.

Note: Percentages may not total 100 percent due to rounding.

 
Among women, the three most commonly diagnosed cancers will be cancers of the breast, lung and bronchus, and colon and rectum. Cancers occurring at these sites are expected to account for about 55 percent of new cancer cases. Breast cancer alone is expected to account for 32 percent (211,300) of all new cancer cases among women in 2003.

    Expected Number of New Cancer Deaths
Table 1Go also shows the expected number of cancer deaths in 2003 for men, women, and both sexes combined. It is estimated that about 556,500 Americans will die from cancer, corresponding to 1,500 deaths per day. Cancers of the lung and bronchus, prostate, and colon and rectum in men, and cancers of the lung and bronchus, breast, and colon and rectum in women continue to be the most common causes of cancer death. These four cancers account for slightly more than half of the total cancer deaths among men and women (Figure 1Go). Lung cancer surpassed breast cancer as the leading cause of cancer death in women in 1987. Lung cancer is expected to account for 25 percent of all female cancer deaths in 2003. Table 3Go provides the estimated number of cancer deaths in 2003 by state.


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  		TABLE 3 ESTIMATED CANCER DEATHS FOR SELECTED CANCER TYPES BY STATE, US, 2003*
 
    Trends in Cancer Incidence and Mortality
Temporal trends in age-adjusted incidence and death rates for all cancer types combined and for selected cancer types are shown in Figures 2, 3, 4, and 5GoGoGoGo. These trends have been examined formally by joinpoint analysis (Table 4Go). For all cancer types and races combined, cancer death rates declined by 1.5 percent per year in males and by 0.6 percent per year in females from 1992 to 1999. In contrast, incidence rates increased by 0.3 percent per year in females from 1987 to 1999 and stabilized in males from 1995 to 1999 (Figure 2Go). African-American men showed the largest decline in mortality.16


Figure 2
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  		FIGURE 2 Annual Age-adjusted Cancer Incidence and Death Rates,* by Sex, US, 1973 to 1999

*Rates are age adjusted to the 2000 US standard population.

Source: Incidence data from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program, 1973 to 1999, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 2002. Mortality data from US Mortality Public Use Data Tapes, 1960 to 1999, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

 

Figure 3
Figure 3
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  		FIGURE 3 Annual Age-adjusted Cancer Incidence Rates* Among Males and Females for Selected Cancer Types, US, 1973 to 1999

*Rates are age adjusted to the 2000 US standard population.

Source: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program, 1973 to 1999, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 2002.

 

Figure 4
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  		FIGURE 4 Annual Age-adjusted Cancer Death Rates* Among Males for Selected Cancer Types, US, 1930 to 1999

*Rates are age adjusted to the 2000 US standard population.

Note: Due to changes in ICD coding, numerator information has changed over time. Rates for cancers of the lung and bronchus and colon and rectum are affected by these coding changes.

Source: US Mortality Public Use Data Tapes, 1960 to 1999, US Mortality Volumes 1930 to 1959, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

 

Figure 5
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  		FIGURE 5 Annual Age-adjusted Cancer Death Rates* Among Females for Selected Cancer Types, US, 1930 to 1999

*Rates are age adjusted to the 2000 US standard population.

{dagger}Uterus cancers are for uterine cervix and uterine corpus combined.

Note: Due to changes in ICD coding, numerator information has changed over time. Rates for cancers of the uterus, ovary, lung and bronchus, and colon and rectum are affected by these coding changes.Source: US Mortality Public Use Data Tapes, 1960 to 1999, US Mortality Volumes 1930 to 1959, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

 

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  		TABLE 4 Trends in Cancer Incidence and Death Rates for All Cancer Types Combined and for Selected Cancers, by Sex, All Races, 1973 to 1999
 
    The Recorded Number of Deaths From Cancer and Other Causes in 2000
A total of 553,091 cancer deaths were recorded in the United States in 2000. This represented an increase of 3,253 deaths over the number in 1999. Cancer deaths accounted for 23.0 percent of all deaths, ranking second only to death from heart disease (Table 5Go). When deaths are categorized by age, sex, and cause, cancer is by far the leading cause of death among women aged 40 to 79 and among men aged 60 to 79 (Table 6Go). In contrast, cancer ranks fifth as a cause of death among men aged 20 to 39.


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  		TABLE 5 Fifteen Leading Causes of Death, US, 2000
 

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  		TABLE 6 Reported Deaths for the Ten Leading Causes of Death, by Age and Sex, US, 2000
 
Table 7Go describes the leading site-specific causes of cancer death by age for males and females. Among men under age 20, leukemia is the most common fatal cancer, while cancer of the lung and bronchus predominates in men aged 40 years and older. Colorectal cancer is the second most common fatal cancer among men 40 to 79 years old. Among women under age 20, leukemia is the leading cause of cancer death; breast cancer ranks first as the cause of cancer death for women between ages 20 to 59 years, and lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for women aged 60 years and older.


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  		TABLE 7 Reported Deaths for the Five Leading Cancer Types, by Sex and Age, US, 2000
 
The number of recorded cancer deaths among men increased by 250 from 285,832 in 1999 to 286,082 in 2000 (Table 8Go). In contrast to the slowly declining number of lung cancer deaths for most years after the mid-1990s, the recorded number of deaths from lung cancer increased by 1,015 among men. The increase occurred predominantly in men aged 70 years and older, reflecting the aging of the population. The number of prostate cancer deaths has continued to decline since 1995. From 1999 to 2000, the recorded number of prostate cancer deaths decreased by 651. Colon and rectum cancer deaths increased by 171.


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  		TABLE 8 Trends in the Recorded Number of Cancer Deaths for Selected Cancer Types, by Sex, US, 1989 to 2000
 
Among women, the total number of recorded cancer deaths increased by 3,003, from 264,006 in 1999 to 267,009 in 2000 (Table 8Go). The increase largely reflected the greater number of lung cancer deaths. Female breast cancer deaths increased by 728. The number of colorectal cancer deaths among females has remained fairly constant in recent years.


   CANCER OCCURRENCE BY RACE/ETHNICITY
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 SELECTED FINDINGS
 CANCER OCCURRENCE BY...
CANCER IN CHILDREN
 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE...
 REFERENCES
 
Cancer incidence and mortality rates vary considerably among racial and ethnic groups (Table 9Go). Overall, African Americans have the highest incidence and mortality rates for cancer. The incidence rate for African Americans is about 10 percent higher than in Whites, 50 to 60 percent higher than in Hispanics and Asian/Pacific Islanders, and is more than twice as high as the rate for American Indians. Similarly, the death rate from all cancers combined is about 30 percent higher in African Americans than among Whites, and more than twice as high as cancer death rates in Asian/Pacific Islanders, American Indians, and Hispanics. Except for female breast cancer incidence and lung cancer death rates, where rates are highest in White females, race- and sex-specific incidence and death rates for the most common cancer types are higher for African Americans than for any of the other racial and ethnic groups.


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  		TABLE 9 Average Annual Incidence and Death Rates* for Selected Cancer Types, by Race and Ethnicity, US, 1992 to 1999
 
From 1992 through 1999, cancer incidence rates decreased by 1.6 percent per year among Hispanics, by 1.3 percent for African Americans, and by 0.9 percent for Whites; while rates remained relatively stable among American Indians/Alaska Natives, and Asian/Pacific Islanders (data not shown). Similarly, the annual mortality rate for all cancer types combined decreased 1.2 percent in African Americans, in Asian/Pacific Islanders, and among Hispanics, and 0.9 percent among Whites. Rates leveled off in American Indians/Alaska Natives. For race- and sex-specific trends, African-American men showed the largest decrease for mortality during the same calendar years.

    Lifetime Probability of Developing Cancer
The lifetime probability of developing cancer is higher for men (43.5 percent) than for women (38.5 percent) (Table 10Go). However, because of breast cancer, women have a slightly higher probability of developing cancer before the age of 60.


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  		TABLE 10 Probability of Developing Invasive Cancers Over Selected Age Intervals, by Sex, 1997 to 1999*
 
    Cancer Survival by Race
A poorer probability of survival once a cancer diagnosis is made contributes to the higher cancer death rates among African-American men and women. African Americans are less likely than Whites to be diagnosed with cancer at a localized stage when the disease may be more easily and successfully treated, and are more likely to be diagnosed with cancer at a regional or distant stage of disease. This is true for most of the common cancer types (Figure 6Go). Furthermore, for nearly every cancer type, African Americans have lower five-year relative survival rates than Whites at each stage of diagnosis (Figure 7Go), suggesting the possible influences of differences in receipt of quality health care, tumor pathology, and comorbid conditions. The extent to which these factors, individually or collectively, contribute to the overall difference in survival is not entirely clear. However, recent findings suggested that when African Americans receive equal heath care as compared with Whites, they tend to have similar disease outcomes.17


Figure 6
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  		FIGURE 6 Distribution of Cancer Cases for Selected Cancer Types, by Race and Stage at Diagnosis, US, 1992 to 1998

*The rate for local stage represents local and regional stages combined.

Note: Staging according to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) historic stage categories rather than the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system. For each type and race, stage categories do not total 100 percent because sufficient information is not available to assign a stage to all cancer cases.

Source: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program, 1973 to 1999, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 2002.

 

Figure 7
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  		FIGURE 7 Five-Year Relative Survival Rates Among Patients Diagnosed with Selected Cancer Types, by Race and Stage at Diagnosis, US, 1992 to 1998

*The rate for local stage represents local and regional stages combined.

{dagger}The standard error is between 5 and 10 percentage points.

{ddagger}Data for regional and distant stage melanoma of the skin for African Americans are not shown.

Note: Staging according to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) historic stage categories rather than the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system.

Source: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program, 1973 to 1999, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 2002.

 
There have been notable improvements over time in the probability of survival from most of the common cancer types and from all cancers combined (Table 11Go). This is true for both Whites and African Americans. Cancer sites without significant improvement in survival over the past 25 years include larynx, uterine cervix, lung and bronchus, and pancreas.


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  		TABLE 11 Trends in Five-Year Relative Survival Rates* (%) by Race and Year of Diagnosis, US, 1974 to 1998
 

   CANCER IN CHILDREN
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 SELECTED FINDINGS
 CANCER OCCURRENCE BY...
 CANCER IN CHILDREN
LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE...
 REFERENCES
 
Cancer is the second leading cause of death among children between the ages of one and 14 in the United States; accidents are the most frequent cause of death in this age group (Table 12Go). The most commonly occurring cancers found in children are leukemias (in particular, acute lymphocytic leukemia), tumors of the central and sympathetic nervous systems, lymphomas, soft-tissue sarcomas, and renal tumors.8 Over the past 25 years, there have been significant improvements in the five-year relative survival rates for many childhood cancers, especially acute lymphocytic and acute myeloid leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and Wilms Tumor (Table 13Go). Between the years 1974 to 1976 and 1992 to 1999, five-year relative survival rates among children for all cancer types combined improved from 56 to 77 percent.8


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  		TABLE 12 Fifteen Leading Causes of Death Among Children Aged 1 to 14, US, 2000
 

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  		TABLE 13 Trends in Five-Year Relative Cancer Survival Rates* (%) for Children Under Age 15, US, 1974 to 1998
 

   LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 SELECTED FINDINGS
 CANCER OCCURRENCE BY...
 CANCER IN CHILDREN
 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE...
REFERENCES
 
Estimates of the expected numbers of new cancer cases and cancer deaths should be interpreted cautiously. These estimates may vary considerably from year to year, particularly for less common cancers and in states with smaller populations. Unanticipated changes may occur that are not captured by our modeling effort. The estimates of new cancer cases are based on incidence rates for the geographic locations that participate in the SEER program and, therefore, may not be representative of the entire United States. For these reasons, we discourage the use of the estimates to track year-to-year changes in cancer occurrence and death. The recorded number of cancer deaths and cancer death rates from the National Center for Health Statistics and cancer incidence rates from SEER are generally the preferred data sources for tracking cancer trends, even though these data are three and four years old, respectively, at the time that the estimates are calculated.

Despite these limitations, the American Cancer Society estimates do provide evidence of current patterns of cancer incidence and mortality in the United States. Such estimates will assist us in our continuing efforts to reduce the public health burden of cancer.


   Footnotes
 
This article is available online at: http://CAonline.AmCancerSoc.org


   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 SELECTED FINDINGS
 CANCER OCCURRENCE BY...
 CANCER IN CHILDREN
 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE...
 REFERENCES
 

  1. National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Vital Statistics, Centers for Disease Control. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss.htm. Accessed September, 2002.
  2. National Cancer Institute, DCCPS, Surveillance Research Program, Cancer Statistics Branch. SEER Program Public Use Data Tapes 1973-1999, November 2001 Submission. Issued: April 2002.
  3. US Census Bureau. Available at: http://www.census.gov. Accessed September, 2002.
  4. Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death. Vol 1, 10th revision. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1992.
  5. Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death. Vol 1, 9th revision. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1975.
  6. Percy C, Van Holten V, Muir C (eds). International Classification of Diseases for Oncology. 2nd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1990.
  7. Wingo PA, Landis S, Parker S, et al. Using cancer registry and vital statistics data to estimate the number of new cancer cases and deaths in the US for the upcoming year. J Reg Management 1998;25:43–51.
  8. Ries LAG, Eisner MP, Kosary CL, et al. (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973-1999. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD. Available at: http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1973_1999/.
  9. Edwards BK, Howe HL, Ries LAG, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1973-1999, featuring implication of age and aging on US cancer burden. Cancer 2002;94:2766–2792.[CrossRef][Medline]
  10. Wingo PA, Landis S, Ries LAG. An adjustment to the 1997 estimate for new prostate cancer cases. CA Cancer J Clin 1997;47:239–242.[Medline]
  11. Hankey BF, Feuer EJ, Clegg LX, et al. Cancer surveillance series: Interpreting trends in prostate cancer-part I: Evidence of the effects of screening in recent prostate cancer incidence, mortality, and survival rates. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:1017–1024.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  12. DEVCAN: Probability of developing or dying of cancer. Software, Version 4.0. Feur EJ, Wun LM. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 1999.
  13. Anderson RN, Rosenberg HM. Report of the second workshop on age adjustment. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 4. 1998 Dec;I-VI:1-37.
  14. American Cancer Society. Cancer facts & figures 2002. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2002.
  15. Jemal A, Thomas A, Murray T, et al. Cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 2002;52:23–47.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  16. Ghafoor A, Jemal A, Cokkinides VE, et al. Cancer statistics in African Americans. CA Cancer J Clin 2002;52:326–341.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  17. Bach PB, Schrag D, Brawley OW, et al. Survival of blacks and whites after a cancer diagnosis. JAMA 2002;287:2106–2113.[Abstract/Free Full Text]



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 Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.Home page
V. S. Narang, C. Fraga, N. Kumar, J. Shen, S. Throm, C. F. Stewart, and C. M. Waters
Dexamethasone increases expression and activity of multidrug resistance transporters at the rat blood-brain barrier
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, August 1, 2008; 295(2): C440 - C450.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.Home page
N. S. Consedine, B. A. Adjei, P. M. Ramirez, and J. M. McKiernan
An Object Lesson: Source Determines the Relations That Trait Anxiety, Prostate Cancer Worry, and Screening Fear Hold with Prostate Screening Frequency
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2008; 17(7): 1631 - 1639.
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 JNMHome page
E. E. Parent, C. S. Dence, T. L. Sharp, M. J. Welch, and J. A. Katzenellenbogen
7{alpha}-18F-Fluoromethyl-Dihydrotestosterone and 7{alpha}-18F-Fluoromethyl-Nortestosterone: Ligands to Determine the Role of Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin for Steroidal Radiopharmaceuticals
J. Nucl. Med., June 1, 2008; 49(6): 987 - 994.
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 Ann OncolHome page
S. H. Yang, K. H. Yang, Y. P. Li, Y. C. Zhang, X. D. He, A. L. Song, J. H. Tian, L. Jiang, Z. G. Bai, L. F. He, et al.
Breast conservation therapy for stage I or stage II breast cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Ann. Onc., June 1, 2008; 19(6): 1039 - 1044.
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 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
R. C. Mease, C. L. Dusich, C. A. Foss, H. T. Ravert, R. F. Dannals, J. Seidel, A. Prideaux, J. J. Fox, G. Sgouros, A. P. Kozikowski, et al.
N-[N-[(S)-1,3-Dicarboxypropyl]Carbamoyl]-4-[18F]Fluorobenzyl-L-Cysteine, [18F]DCFBC: A New Imaging Probe for Prostate Cancer
Clin. Cancer Res., May 15, 2008; 14(10): 3036 - 3043.
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 Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck SurgHome page
J. M. Bock, L. L. Sinclair, N. S. Bedford, R. E. Jackson, J. H. Lee, and D. K. Trask
Modulation of Cellular Invasion by VEGF-C Expression in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, April 1, 2008; 134(4): 355 - 362.
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 Am. J. Pathol.Home page
W. Huang, Y. Zhang, S. Varambally, A. M. Chinnaiyan, M. Banerjee, S. D. Merajver, and C. G. Kleer
Inhibition of CCN6 (Wnt-1-Induced Signaling Protein 3) Down-Regulates E-Cadherin in the Breast Epithelium through Induction of Snail and ZEB1
Am. J. Pathol., April 1, 2008; 172(4): 893 - 904.
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 Molecular Cancer TherapeuticsHome page
B. Laquente, C. Lacasa, M. M. Ginesta, O. Casanovas, A. Figueras, M. Galan, I. G. Ribas, J. R. Germa, G. Capella, and F. Vinals
Antiangiogenic effect of gemcitabine following metronomic administration in a pancreas cancer model
Mol. Cancer Ther., March 1, 2008; 7(3): 638 - 647.
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 JNMHome page
F. Jia, S. D. Figueroa, F. Gallazzi, B. S. Balaji, M. Hannink, S. Z. Lever, T. J. Hoffman, and M. R. Lewis
Molecular Imaging of bcl-2 Expression in Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma Using 111In-Labeled PNA-Peptide Conjugates
J. Nucl. Med., March 1, 2008; 49(3): 430 - 438.
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 Genes Dev.Home page
N. de la Iglesia, G. Konopka, S. V. Puram, J. A. Chan, R. M. Bachoo, M. J. You, D. E. Levy, R. A. DePinho, and A. Bonni
Identification of a PTEN-regulated STAT3 brain tumor suppressor pathway
Genes & Dev., February 15, 2008; 22(4): 449 - 462.
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 BloodHome page
J. M. Pagel, N. Hedin, L. Drouet, B. L. Wood, A. Pantelias, Y. Lin, D. K. Hamlin, D. S. Wilbur, A. K. Gopal, D. Green, et al.
Eradication of disseminated leukemia in a syngeneic murine leukemia model using pretargeted anti-CD45 radioimmunotherapy
Blood, February 15, 2008; 111(4): 2261 - 2268.
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 JAMAHome page
M. B. Wallace, J. M. S. Pascual, M. Raimondo, T. A. Woodward, B. L. McComb, J. E. Crook, M. M. Johnson, M. A. Al-Haddad, S. A. Gross, S. Pungpapong, et al.
Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Staging of Suspected Lung Cancer
JAMA, February 6, 2008; 299(5): 540 - 546.
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 Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.Home page
M. J. Borugian, J. J. Spinelli, Z. Sun, L. N. Kolonel, I. Oakley-Girvan, M. D. Pollak, A. S. Whittemore, A. H. Wu, and R. P. Gallagher
Prostate Cancer Risk in Relation to Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-I and IGF-Binding Protein-3: A Prospective Multiethnic Study
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2008; 17(1): 252 - 254.
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 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio.Home page
Y. Zheng, J. D. Ritzenthaler, J. Roman, and S. Han
Nicotine Stimulates Human Lung Cancer Cell Growth by Inducing Fibronectin Expression
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., December 1, 2007; 37(6): 681 - 690.
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 J. Clin. Pathol.Home page
C. Zhang, K. Li, L. Wei, Z. Li, P. Yu, L. Teng, K. Wu, and J. Zhu
p300 expression repression by hypermethylation associated with tumour invasion and metastasis in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma
J. Clin. Pathol., November 1, 2007; 60(11): 1249 - 1253.
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