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Dr. Jemal is Strategic Director, Cancer Surveillance, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.
Ms. Siegel is Manager, Surveillance Information Services, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.
Dr. Ward is Managing Director, Surveillance Research, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.
Dr. Hao is Senior Epidemiologist, Surveillance Research, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.
Dr. Xu is Epidemiologist, Mortality Statistics Branch, Division of Vital Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD.
Mr. Murray is Manager, Surveillance Data Systems, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.
Dr. Thun is Vice President, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.
ABSTRACT
Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. Incidence and death rates are age-standardized to the 2000 US standard million population. A total of 1,437,180 new cancer cases and 565,650 deaths from cancer are projected to occur in the United States in 2008. Notable trends in cancer incidence and mortality include stabilization of incidence rates for all cancer sites combined in men from 1995 through 2004 and in women from 1999 through 2004 and a continued decrease in the cancer death rate since 1990 in men and since 1991 in women. Overall cancer death rates in 2004 compared with 1990 in men and 1991 in women decreased by 18.4% and 10.5%, respectively, resulting in the avoidance of over a half million deaths from cancer during this time interval. This report also examines cancer incidence, mortality, and survival by site, sex, race/ethnicity, education, geographic area, and calendar year, as well as the proportionate contribution of selected sites to the overall trends. Although much progress has been made in reducing mortality rates, stabilizing incidence rates, and improving survival, cancer still accounts for more deaths than heart disease in persons under age 85 years. Further progress can be accelerated by supporting new discoveries and by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population.
INTRODUCTION
Cancer is a major public health problem in the United States and many other parts of the world. Currently, one in 4 deaths in the United States is due to cancer. In this article, we provide an overview of cancer statistics, including updated incidence, mortality, and survival rates, and expected numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in 2008.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Data Sources
Mortality data from 1930 to 2005 in the United States were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).1 Incidence data for long-term trends (1975 to 2004), 5-year relative survival rates, and data on lifetime probability of developing cancer were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute, currently covering about 26% of the US population.2–5 Incidence data (1995 to 2004) for projecting new cancer cases were obtained from cancer registries that participate in the SEER program or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)’s National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) through the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR). State-specific incidence rates were abstracted from Cancer in North America (2000–2004) Volume One,6 based on data collected by cancer registries participating in the SEER program and NPCR. Population data were obtained from the US Census Bureau.7 Causes of death were coded and classified according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-8, ICD-9, and ICD-10).8–10 Cancer cases were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology.11
Estimated New Cancer Cases
The precise number of cancer cases diagnosed each year in the nation and in every state is unknown because complete cancer registration has not yet been achieved in some states. Furthermore, the most recent year for which incidence and mortality data are available lags 3 to 4 years behind the current year due to the time required for data collection and compilation. Estimated new cancer cases in the current year (2008) were projected using a spatio-temporal model12 based on incidence data from 1995 through 2004 from 41 states and the District of Columbia that met NAACCR’s high-quality data standard for incidence, covering about 85% of the US population. The method also considers geographic variations in socio-demographic and lifestyle factors, medical settings, and cancer screening behaviors as predictors of incidence, and accounts for expected delays in case reporting.
Estimated Cancer Deaths
We used the state-space prediction method13 to estimate the number of cancer deaths expected to occur in the United States and in each state in the year 2008. Projections are based on underlying cause of death from death certificates as reported to the NCHS.1 This model projects the number of cancer deaths expected to occur in 2008 based on the number that occurred each year from 1969 to 2005 in the United States and in each state separately.
Other Statistics
We provide mortality statistics for the leading causes of death as well as deaths from cancer in the year 2005. Causes of death for 2005 were coded and classified according to ICD-10.8 This report also provides updated statistics on trends in cancer incidence and mortality rates, the probability of developing cancer, and 5-year relative survival rates for selected cancer sites based on data from 1975 through 2004.3 All age-adjusted incidence and death rates are standardized to the 2000 US standard population and expressed per 100,000 population.
The long-term incidence rates and trends (1975 to 2004) are adjusted for delays in reporting where possible. Delayed reporting primarily affects the most recent 1 to 3 years of incidence data (in this case, 2002 to 2004), especially for cancers such as melanoma, leukemia, and prostate that are frequently diagnosed in outpatient settings. The National Cancer Institute has developed a method to account for expected reporting delays in SEER registries for all cancer sites combined and many specific cancer sites.14 Delay-adjusted rates provide a more accurate assessment of trends in the most recent years for which data are available.
We also provide estimates of the total number of cancer deaths avoided due to the reduction in age-standardized cancer death rates since 1991 in men and 1992 in women. We applied the age-specific cancer death rates in the peak year for the age-standardized cancer death rates (1990 for males and 1991 for females) to the corresponding age-specific populations in the subsequent years through 2004 to obtain the number of expected deaths in each calendar year if the death rates had not decreased. We then summed the difference between the number of expected and observed deaths in each age group and calendar year for men and women separately to obtain the total number of cancer deaths avoided over the 13- or 14-year interval.
SELECTED FINDINGS
Expected Numbers of New Cancer Cases
Table 1 presents estimates of the numbers of new cases of invasive cancer expected among men and women in the United States in 2008. The overall estimate of about 1.44 million new cases does not include carcinoma in situ of any site except urinary bladder, nor does it include basal cell and squamous cell cancers of the skin. More than 1 million cases of basal cell and squamous cell skin cancer, about 67,770 cases of breast carcinoma in situ, and 54,020 cases of in situ melanoma are expected to be newly diagnosed in 2008. The estimated numbers of new cancer cases for each state and selected cancer sites are shown in Table 2.
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Expected Number of New Cancer Deaths
Table 1 also shows the expected number of deaths from cancer projected for 2008 for men, women, and both sexes combined. It is estimated that about 565,650 Americans will die from cancer, corresponding to over 1,500 deaths per day. Cancers of the lung and bronchus, prostate, and colon and rectum in men, and cancers of the lung and bronchus, breast, and colon and rectum in women continue to be the most common fatal cancers. These 4 cancers account for half of the total cancer deaths among men and women (Figure 1). Lung cancer surpassed breast cancer as the leading cause of cancer death in women in 1987. Lung cancer is expected to account for 26% of all female cancer deaths in 2008. Table 3 provides the estimated number of cancer deaths in 2008 by state for selected cancer sites.
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depict long-term trends in cancer incidence and death rates for all cancers combined and for selected cancer sites by sex. Table 5 shows incidence and mortality patterns for all cancer sites and for the 4 most common cancer sites based on joinpoint analysis. Trends in incidence were adjusted for delayed reporting. Delay-adjusted cancer incidence rates were stable in males from 1995 to 2004 and in females from 1999 to 2004. Death rates for all cancer sites combined decreased by 2.6% per year in males and by 1.8% in females from 2002 to 2004 compared with declines of 1.5% per year in males from 1992 to 2002 and 0.8% per year in females from 1994 to 2002.
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Table 6 shows the contribution of individual cancer sites to the total decrease in overall cancer death rates. Death rates from all cancers combined peaked in 1990 for men and in 1991 for women. Between 1990/1991 and 2004, death rates from cancer decreased by 18.4% among men and by 10.5% among women. Among men, reductions in death rates from lung, prostate, and colorectal cancers account for nearly 80% of the total decrease in cancer death rates, while reductions in death rates from breast and colorectal cancers account for 60% of the decrease among women. Lung cancer in men and breast cancer in women alone account for nearly 40% of the sex-specific decreases in cancer death rates. The decrease in lung cancer death rates among men is due to reduction in tobacco use over the past 40 years, while the decrease in death rates for colorectal, female breast, and prostate cancer largely reflects improvements in early detection and treatment.18 Between 1990/1991 and 2004, death rates increased substantially for lung cancer in women and for liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer in men.
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Cancer incidence and death rates vary considerably among racial and ethnic groups (Table 11). For all cancer sites combined, African American men have a 19% higher incidence rate and a 37% higher death rate than White men, whereas African American women have a 6% lower incidence rate but a 17% higher death rate than White women. For the specific cancer sites listed in Table 11, incidence and death rates are consistently higher in African Americans than in Whites, except for cancers of the breast (incidence) and lung (incidence and mortality) among women and kidney (mortality) among both men and women. Factors known to contribute to racial disparities in mortality vary by cancer site and include differences in exposure to underlying risk factors (eg, historical smoking prevalence for lung cancer among men), access to high-quality regular screening (breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers), and timely diagnosis and treatment (for many cancers). The higher breast cancer incidence rates among Whites are thought to reflect a combination of factors that affect both diagnosis (such as more frequent mammography in White women) and the underlying factors that affect disease occurrence (such as later age at first birth and greater use of hormone replacement therapy among White compared with African American women).19
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Trends in cancer incidence can be adjusted for delayed reporting only in Whites and African Americans because long-term incidence data required for delay adjustment are not available for other racial and ethnic subgroups. From 1995 to 2004, incidence rates in males for all cancer sites combined (unadjusted for delayed reporting) decreased among all racial and ethnic groups except American Indian/Alaska Native men; among women, rates stabilized in all racial and ethnic groups during the same time period. In contrast, death rates from cancer significantly decreased in each racial and ethnic group, with larger decreases in men than in women.3
Death Rates by Educational Attainment, Race, and Sex
Table 12 shows death rates for all cancers combined and the 4 major cancers by educational attainment among White and African American men and women aged 25 to 64 years in 2001.21 The death rate for all cancers combined among less-educated (
12 years of education) compared with more-educated (>12 years of education) people was more than twice as high in men and about 40% higher in women. For specific cancer sites, the ratio of death rates in the less-educated compared with the more-educated group ranged from 1.16 for breast cancer among African American women to 3.36 for lung cancer among White men. For lung cancer in men and women and for colorectal cancer in men, the absolute difference in death rates between the less educated and more educated was larger than the difference between Whites and African Americans by sex at each level of educational attainment. Factors that contribute to higher death rates from cancer in less-educated men and women include higher prevalence of risk factors such as smoking and obesity and limited access to medical services.
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CANCER IN CHILDREN
Cancer is the second most common cause of death among children between the age of 1 and 14 years in the United States, surpassed only by accidents (Table 15). Leukemia (particularly acute lymphocytic leukemia) is the most common cancer in children (aged 0 to 14 years), followed by cancer of the brain and other nervous system, neuroblastoma, renal (Wilms) tumors, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.3 Over the past 25 years, there have been significant improvements in the 5-year relative survival rate for all of the major childhood cancers (Table 16). The 5-year relative survival rate among children for all cancer sites combined improved from 58% for patients diagnosed in 1975 to 1977 to 80% for those diagnosed in 1996 to 2003.3
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Estimates of the expected numbers of new cancer cases and cancer deaths should be interpreted cautiously. These estimates may vary considerably from year to year, particularly for less common cancers and in states with smaller populations. Estimates are also affected by changes in method. The introduction of a new method for projecting incident cancer cases beginning with the 2007 estimates substantially affected the estimates for a number of cancers, particularly leukemia and female breast (see Pickle et al12 for more detailed discussion). Not all changes in cancer trends are captured by modeling techniques. For these reasons, we discourage the use of these estimates to track year-to-year changes in cancer occurrence and death. The preferred data sources for tracking cancer trends are the age-standardized or age-specific cancer death rates from the NCHS and cancer incidence rates from SEER or NPCR, even though these data are 3 and 4 years old, respectively, by the time that they become available. Nevertheless, the American Cancer Society estimates of the number of new cancer cases and deaths in the current year provide reasonably accurate estimates of the burden of new cancer cases and deaths in the United States.
Footnotes
Published online through CA First Look at http://CAonline.AmCancerSoc.org.
* Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 
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A. DiFeo, F. Huang, J. Sangodkar, E. A. Terzo, D. Leake, G. Narla, and J. A. Martignetti KLF6-SV1 Is a Novel Antiapoptotic Protein That Targets the BH3-Only Protein NOXA for Degradation and Whose Inhibition Extends Survival in an Ovarian Cancer Model Cancer Res., June 1, 2009; 69(11): 4733 - 4741. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. C. Tomlinson, F. R. Lamont, S. D. Shnyder, and M. A. Knowles Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 Promotes Proliferation and Survival via Activation of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway in Bladder Cancer Cancer Res., June 1, 2009; 69(11): 4613 - 4620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A.R.M. R. Amin, F. R. Khuri, Z. Chen, and D. M. Shin Synergistic Growth Inhibition of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck by Erlotinib and Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate: The Role of p53-Dependent Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B Cancer Prevention Research, June 1, 2009; 2(6): 538 - 545. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. N. Donahue, P. J. McLaughlin, and I. S. Zagon Cell proliferation of human ovarian cancer is regulated by the opioid growth factor-opioid growth factor receptor axis Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, June 1, 2009; 296(6): R1716 - R1725. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. R. Soto-Pantoja, J. Menon, P. E. Gallagher, and E. A. Tallant Angiotensin-(1-7) inhibits tumor angiogenesis in human lung cancer xenografts with a reduction in vascular endothelial growth factor Mol. Cancer Ther., June 1, 2009; 8(6): 1676 - 1683. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Sundaram, C. Durairaj, R. Kadam, and U. B. Kompella Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone receptor-targeted deslorelin-docetaxel conjugate enhances efficacy of docetaxel in prostate cancer therapy Mol. Cancer Ther., June 1, 2009; 8(6): 1655 - 1665. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Li, D. Wang, H. Zhang, K. Kirmani, Z. Zhao, R. Steinmetz, and Y. Xu Lysophosphatidic acid stimulates cell migration, invasion, and colony formation as well as tumorigenesis/metastasis of mouse ovarian cancer in immunocompetent mice Mol. Cancer Ther., June 1, 2009; 8(6): 1692 - 1701. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Abiatari, T. DeOliveira, V. Kerkadze, C. Schwager, I. Esposito, N. A. Giese, P. Huber, F. Bergman, A. Abdollahi, H. Friess, et al. Consensus transcriptome signature of perineural invasion in pancreatic carcinoma Mol. Cancer Ther., June 1, 2009; 8(6): 1494 - 1504. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Hildenbrand, M. Niedergethmann, A. Marx, D. Belharazem, H. Allgayer, C. Schleger, and P. Strobel Amplification of the Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor (uPAR) Gene in Ductal Pancreatic Carcinomas Identifies a Clinically High-Risk Group Am. J. Pathol., June 1, 2009; 174(6): 2246 - 2253. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Brader, K. J. Kelly, N. Chen, Y. A. Yu, Q. Zhang, P. Zanzonico, E. M. Burnazi, R. E. Ghani, I. Serganova, H. Hricak, et al. Imaging a Genetically Engineered Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus (GLV-1h99) Using a Human Norepinephrine Transporter Reporter Gene Clin. Cancer Res., June 1, 2009; 15(11): 3791 - 3801. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 N. Ballian, D. M. Mahvi, and G. D. Kennedy Colonoscopic Findings and Tumor Site Do Not Predict Bowel Obstruction During Medical Treatment of Stage IV Colorectal Cancer Oncologist, June 1, 2009; 14(6): 580 - 585. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 B. M. Weiss, J. Abadie, P. Verma, R. S. Howard, and W. M. Kuehl A monoclonal gammopathy precedes multiple myeloma in most patients Blood, May 28, 2009; 113(22): 5418 - 5422. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. G. Sanda and I. D. Kaplan A 64-Year-Old Man With Low-Risk Prostate Cancer: Review of Prostate Cancer Treatment JAMA, May 27, 2009; 301(20): 2141 - 2151. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. N. Lara Jr, R. Natale, J. Crowley, H. J. Lenz, M. W. Redman, J. E. Carleton, J. Jett, C. J. Langer, J. P. Kuebler, S. R. Dakhil, et al. Phase III Trial of Irinotecan/Cisplatin Compared With Etoposide/Cisplatin in Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Clinical and Pharmacogenomic Results From SWOG S0124 J. Clin. Oncol., May 20, 2009; 27(15): 2530 - 2535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Mountzios, M. A. Dimopoulos, A. Bamias, G. Vourli, H. Kalofonos, G. Aravantinos, G. Fountzilas, and C. A. Papadimitriou Randomized multicenter phase II trial of cisplatin and ifosfamide with or without paclitaxel in recurrent or metastatic carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group (HeCOG) study Ann. Onc., May 20, 2009; (2009) mdn797v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. L. Stanford, L. M. FitzGerald, S. K. McDonnell, E. E. Carlson, L. M. McIntosh, K. Deutsch, L. Hood, E. A. Ostrander, and D. J. Schaid Dense genome-wide SNP linkage scan in 301 hereditary prostate cancer families identifies multiple regions with suggestive evidence for linkage Hum. Mol. Genet., May 15, 2009; 18(10): 1839 - 1848. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. K. Roy, V. Turzhitsky, Y. Kim, M. J. Goldberg, P. Watson, J. D. Rogers, A. J. Gomes, A. Kromine, R. E. Brand, M. Jameel, et al. Association between Rectal Optical Signatures and Colonic Neoplasia: Potential Applications for Screening Cancer Res., May 15, 2009; 69(10): 4476 - 4483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. R. Raimondi, A. Molinolo, and J. S. Gutkind Rapamycin Prevents Early Onset of Tumorigenesis in an Oral-Specific K-ras and p53 Two-Hit Carcinogenesis Model Cancer Res., May 15, 2009; 69(10): 4159 - 4166. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. M. Heinen, B. A. J. Verhage, T. A. W. Ambergen, R. A. Goldbohm, and P. A. van den Brandt Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in the Netherlands Cohort Study Am. J. Epidemiol., May 15, 2009; 169(10): 1233 - 1242. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. E. Lee, S. E. Hankinson, and E. Cho Reproductive Factors and Risk of Renal Cell Cancer: The Nurses' Health Study Am. J. Epidemiol., May 15, 2009; 169(10): 1243 - 1250. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Dubovsky, D. G. McNeel, J. J. Powers, J. Gordon, E. M. Sotomayor, and J. A. Pinilla-Ibarz Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia with a Hypomethylating Agent Induces Expression of NXF2, an Immunogenic Cancer Testis Antigen Clin. Cancer Res., May 15, 2009; 15(10): 3406 - 3415. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. B. Rickman, P. K. Vohra, B. Sanyal, J. A. Vrana, M.-C. Aubry, D. A. Wigle, and C. F. Thomas Jr. Analysis of ErbB Receptors in Pulmonary Carcinoid Tumors Clin. Cancer Res., May 15, 2009; 15(10): 3315 - 3324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. P. Gelmann and S. M. Henshall Clinically Relevant Prognostic Markers for Prostate Cancer: The Search Goes On Ann Intern Med, May 5, 2009; 150(9): 647 - 649. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. T. Vollmer Differential Diagnosis in Immunohistochemistry With Bayes Theorem Am J Clin Pathol, May 1, 2009; 131(5): 723 - 730. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Satia, A. Littman, C. G. Slatore, J. A. Galanko, and E. White Associations of Herbal and Specialty Supplements with Lung and Colorectal Cancer Risk in the VITamins And Lifestyle Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2009; 18(5): 1419 - 1428. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Rohrmann, C. G. Sutcliffe, J. L. Bienstock, D. Monsegue, F. Akereyeni, G. Bradwin, N. Rifai, M. N. Pollak, T. Agurs-Collins, and E. A. Platz Racial Variation in Sex Steroid Hormones and the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis in Umbilical Cord Blood of Male Neonates Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2009; 18(5): 1484 - 1491. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Sidelnikov, R. M. Bostick, W. D. Flanders, Q. Long, V. L. Cohen, C. Dash, M. E. Seabrook, and V. Fedirko MutL-Homolog 1 Expression and Risk of Incident, Sporadic Colorectal Adenoma: Search for Prospective Biomarkers of Risk for Colorectal Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2009; 18(5): 1599 - 1609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E.A. KOTTEAS, A. ADAMOPOULOS, P.D. DROGITIS, A. ZALONIS, K.V. GIANNOPOULOS, E.M. KARAPANAGIOTOU, M. W. SAIF, and K.N. SYRIGOS Gastrointestinal Bleeding as Initial Presentation of Melanoma of Unknown Primary Origin: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature In Vivo, May 1, 2009; 23(3): 487 - 489. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Eisold, M. Asim, H. Eskelinen, T. Linke, and A. Baniahmad Inhibition of MAPK-signaling pathway promotes the interaction of the corepressor SMRT with the human androgen receptor and mediates repression of prostate cancer cell growth in the presence of antiandrogens J. Mol. Endocrinol., May 1, 2009; 42(5): 429 - 435. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Chen, J. Ni, H.-C. Chang, C.-Y. Lin, M. Muyan, and S. Yeh CCDC62/ERAP75 functions as a coactivator to enhance estrogen receptor beta-mediated transactivation and target gene expression in prostate cancer cells Carcinogenesis, May 1, 2009; 30(5): 841 - 850. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. R. Posner, C. M. Norris, L. J. Wirth, D. M. Shin, K. J. Cullen, E. W. Winquist, C. R. Blajman, E. A. Mickiewicz, G. P. Frenette, L. F. Plinar, et al. Sequential therapy for the locally advanced larynx and hypopharynx cancer subgroup in TAX 324: survival, surgery, and organ preservation Ann. Onc., May 1, 2009; 20(5): 921 - 927. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Lovat, A. Bitto, S.-Q. Xu, M. Fassan, S. Goldoni, D. Metalli, V. Wubah, P. McCue, G. Serrero, L. G. Gomella, et al. Proepithelin is an autocrine growth factor for bladder cancer Carcinogenesis, May 1, 2009; 30(5): 861 - 868. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Pan, J. Lin, J. G. Izzo, Y. Liu, J. Xing, M. Huang, J. A. Ajani, and X. Wu Genetic susceptibility to esophageal cancer: the role of the nucleotide excision repair pathway Carcinogenesis, May 1, 2009; 30(5): 785 - 792. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Hu, J. Zhang, H. J. Lee, S.-H. Kim, and J. Lu Penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose induces S- and G1-cell cycle arrests in prostate cancer cells targeting DNA replication and cyclin D1 Carcinogenesis, May 1, 2009; 30(5): 818 - 823. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Dror Michaelson, M. M. Regan, W. K. Oh, D. S. Kaufman, K. Olivier, S. Z. Michaelson, B. Spicer, C. Gurski, P. W. Kantoff, and M. R. Smith Phase II study of sunitinib in men with advanced prostate cancer Ann. Onc., May 1, 2009; 20(5): 913 - 920. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Takaishi, T. Okumura, S. Tu, S. S.W. Wang, W. Shibata, R. Vigneshwaran, S. A.K. Gordon, Y. Shimada, and T. C. Wang Identification of Gastric Cancer Stem Cells Using the Cell Surface Marker CD44 Stem Cells, May 1, 2009; 27(5): 1006 - 1020. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K.-T. Kuo, B. Guan, Y. Feng, T.-L. Mao, X. Chen, N. Jinawath, Y. Wang, R. J. Kurman, I.-M. Shih, and T.-L. Wang Analysis of DNA Copy Number Alterations in Ovarian Serous Tumors Identifies New Molecular Genetic Changes in Low-Grade and High-Grade Carcinomas Cancer Res., May 1, 2009; 69(9): 4036 - 4042. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Wang, D. S. Morris, S. A. Tomlins, R. J. Lonigro, A. Tsodikov, R. Mehra, T. J. Giordano, L. P. Kunju, C. T. Lee, A. Z. Weizer, et al. Development of a Multiplex Quantitative PCR Signature to Predict Progression in Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Cancer Res., May 1, 2009; 69(9): 3810 - 3818. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. L. Watters, M. H. Gail, S. J. Weinstein, J. Virtamo, and D. Albanes Associations between {alpha}-Tocopherol, {beta}-Carotene, and Retinol and Prostate Cancer Survival Cancer Res., May 1, 2009; 69(9): 3833 - 3841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. MORISE, A. SUGIOKA, Y. TANAHASHI, Y. OKABE, M. IKEDA, T. KAGAWA, and C. TAKEURA Treatment of Patients with Unresectable Advanced Carcinoma of Biliary Tract - Chemotherapy and Surgical Resection Anticancer Res, May 1, 2009; 29(5): 1783 - 1786. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. Y. Lim and J. H. Y. Park Induction of p53 contributes to apoptosis of HCT-116 human colon cancer cells induced by the dietary compound fisetin Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, May 1, 2009; 296(5): G1060 - G1068. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L.-F. de Geus-Oei, D. Vriens, H. W.M. van Laarhoven, W. T.A. van der Graaf, and W. J.G. Oyen Monitoring and Predicting Response to Therapy with 18F-FDG PET in Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review J. Nucl. Med., May 1, 2009; 50(Suppl_1): 43S - 54S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Kelly, J. Kittelson, W. A. Franklin, T. C. Kennedy, C. E. Klein, R. L. Keith, E. C. Dempsey, M. Lewis, M. K. Jackson, F. R. Hirsch, et al. A Randomized Phase II Chemoprevention Trial of 13-CIS Retinoic Acid with Or without {alpha} Tocopherol or Observation in Subjects at High Risk for Lung Cancer Cancer Prevention Research, May 1, 2009; 2(5): 440 - 449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Wang, M. J.L. Bonorden, G.-x. Li, H.-J. Lee, H. Hu, Y. Zhang, J. D. Liao, M. P. Cleary, and J. Lu Methyl-Selenium Compounds Inhibit Prostate Carcinogenesis in the Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate Model with Survival Benefit Cancer Prevention Research, May 1, 2009; 2(5): 484 - 495. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Vitale-Cross, R. Czerninski, P. Amornphimoltham, V. Patel, A. A. Molinolo, and J. S. Gutkind Chemical Carcinogenesis Models for Evaluating Molecular-Targeted Prevention and Treatment of Oral Cancer Cancer Prevention Research, May 1, 2009; 2(5): 419 - 422. [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. J. Kelloff, C. C. Sigman, and C. H. Contag Early Detection of Oral Neoplasia: Watching with New Eyes Cancer Prevention Research, May 1, 2009; 2(5): 405 - 408. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Y. Su, K. Shankar, and R. C. M. Simmen Early Soy Exposure via Maternal Diet Regulates Rat Mammary Epithelial Differentiation by Paracrine Signaling from Stromal Adipocytes J. Nutr., May 1, 2009; 139(5): 945 - 951. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. G. Power and N. E. Kemeny The role of floxuridine in metastatic liver disease Mol. Cancer Ther., May 1, 2009; 8(5): 1015 - 1025. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Lurje, P. C. Manegold, Y. Ning, A. Pohl, W. Zhang, and H.-J. Lenz Thymidylate synthase gene variations: predictive and prognostic markers Mol. Cancer Ther., May 1, 2009; 8(5): 1000 - 1007. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Moretti, K. W. Kim, D. K. Jung, C. D. Willey, and B. Lu Radiosensitization of solid tumors by Z-VAD, a pan-caspase inhibitor Mol. Cancer Ther., May 1, 2009; 8(5): 1270 - 1279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. J. Vander Griend, L. Antony, S. L. Dalrymple, Y. Xu, S. B. Christensen, S. R. Denmeade, and J. T. Isaacs Amino acid containing thapsigargin analogues deplete androgen receptor protein via synthesis inhibition and induce the death of prostate cancer cells Mol. Cancer Ther., May 1, 2009; 8(5): 1340 - 1349. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Z. Qian, C.-Y. Huang, C. A. O'Brien, I. M. Coleman, M. Garzotto, L. D. True, C. S. Higano, R. Vessella, P. H. Lange, P. S. Nelson, et al. Prostate Cancer-Associated Gene Expression Alterations Determined from Needle Biopsies Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2009; 15(9): 3135 - 3142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. T. Huyn, J. B. Burton, M. Sato, M. Carey, S. S. Gambhir, and L. Wu A Potent, Imaging Adenoviral Vector Driven by the Cancer-selective Mucin-1 Promoter That Targets Breast Cancer Metastasis Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2009; 15(9): 3126 - 3134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Liu, W. K. Kelly, G. Wilding, L. Leopold, K. Brill, and B. Somer An Open-Label, Multicenter, Phase I/II Study of Single-Agent AT-101 in Men with Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2009; 15(9): 3172 - 3176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Uterus includes uterine cervix and uterine corpus.
