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Dr. Jemal is Strategic Director, Cancer Surveillance, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.
Ms. Siegel is Manager, Surveillance Information Services, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.
Dr. Ward is Managing Director, Surveillance Research, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.
Dr. Hao is Senior Epidemiologist, Surveillance Research, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.
Dr. Xu is Epidemiologist, Mortality Statistics Branch, Division of Vital Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD.
Mr. Murray is Manager, Surveillance Data Systems, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.
Dr. Thun is Vice President, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.
ABSTRACT
Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. Incidence and death rates are age-standardized to the 2000 US standard million population. A total of 1,437,180 new cancer cases and 565,650 deaths from cancer are projected to occur in the United States in 2008. Notable trends in cancer incidence and mortality include stabilization of incidence rates for all cancer sites combined in men from 1995 through 2004 and in women from 1999 through 2004 and a continued decrease in the cancer death rate since 1990 in men and since 1991 in women. Overall cancer death rates in 2004 compared with 1990 in men and 1991 in women decreased by 18.4% and 10.5%, respectively, resulting in the avoidance of over a half million deaths from cancer during this time interval. This report also examines cancer incidence, mortality, and survival by site, sex, race/ethnicity, education, geographic area, and calendar year, as well as the proportionate contribution of selected sites to the overall trends. Although much progress has been made in reducing mortality rates, stabilizing incidence rates, and improving survival, cancer still accounts for more deaths than heart disease in persons under age 85 years. Further progress can be accelerated by supporting new discoveries and by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population.
INTRODUCTION
Cancer is a major public health problem in the United States and many other parts of the world. Currently, one in 4 deaths in the United States is due to cancer. In this article, we provide an overview of cancer statistics, including updated incidence, mortality, and survival rates, and expected numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in 2008.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Data Sources
Mortality data from 1930 to 2005 in the United States were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).1 Incidence data for long-term trends (1975 to 2004), 5-year relative survival rates, and data on lifetime probability of developing cancer were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute, currently covering about 26% of the US population.2–5 Incidence data (1995 to 2004) for projecting new cancer cases were obtained from cancer registries that participate in the SEER program or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)’s National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) through the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR). State-specific incidence rates were abstracted from Cancer in North America (2000–2004) Volume One,6 based on data collected by cancer registries participating in the SEER program and NPCR. Population data were obtained from the US Census Bureau.7 Causes of death were coded and classified according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-8, ICD-9, and ICD-10).8–10 Cancer cases were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology.11
Estimated New Cancer Cases
The precise number of cancer cases diagnosed each year in the nation and in every state is unknown because complete cancer registration has not yet been achieved in some states. Furthermore, the most recent year for which incidence and mortality data are available lags 3 to 4 years behind the current year due to the time required for data collection and compilation. Estimated new cancer cases in the current year (2008) were projected using a spatio-temporal model12 based on incidence data from 1995 through 2004 from 41 states and the District of Columbia that met NAACCR’s high-quality data standard for incidence, covering about 85% of the US population. The method also considers geographic variations in socio-demographic and lifestyle factors, medical settings, and cancer screening behaviors as predictors of incidence, and accounts for expected delays in case reporting.
Estimated Cancer Deaths
We used the state-space prediction method13 to estimate the number of cancer deaths expected to occur in the United States and in each state in the year 2008. Projections are based on underlying cause of death from death certificates as reported to the NCHS.1 This model projects the number of cancer deaths expected to occur in 2008 based on the number that occurred each year from 1969 to 2005 in the United States and in each state separately.
Other Statistics
We provide mortality statistics for the leading causes of death as well as deaths from cancer in the year 2005. Causes of death for 2005 were coded and classified according to ICD-10.8 This report also provides updated statistics on trends in cancer incidence and mortality rates, the probability of developing cancer, and 5-year relative survival rates for selected cancer sites based on data from 1975 through 2004.3 All age-adjusted incidence and death rates are standardized to the 2000 US standard population and expressed per 100,000 population.
The long-term incidence rates and trends (1975 to 2004) are adjusted for delays in reporting where possible. Delayed reporting primarily affects the most recent 1 to 3 years of incidence data (in this case, 2002 to 2004), especially for cancers such as melanoma, leukemia, and prostate that are frequently diagnosed in outpatient settings. The National Cancer Institute has developed a method to account for expected reporting delays in SEER registries for all cancer sites combined and many specific cancer sites.14 Delay-adjusted rates provide a more accurate assessment of trends in the most recent years for which data are available.
We also provide estimates of the total number of cancer deaths avoided due to the reduction in age-standardized cancer death rates since 1991 in men and 1992 in women. We applied the age-specific cancer death rates in the peak year for the age-standardized cancer death rates (1990 for males and 1991 for females) to the corresponding age-specific populations in the subsequent years through 2004 to obtain the number of expected deaths in each calendar year if the death rates had not decreased. We then summed the difference between the number of expected and observed deaths in each age group and calendar year for men and women separately to obtain the total number of cancer deaths avoided over the 13- or 14-year interval.
SELECTED FINDINGS
Expected Numbers of New Cancer Cases
Table 1 presents estimates of the numbers of new cases of invasive cancer expected among men and women in the United States in 2008. The overall estimate of about 1.44 million new cases does not include carcinoma in situ of any site except urinary bladder, nor does it include basal cell and squamous cell cancers of the skin. More than 1 million cases of basal cell and squamous cell skin cancer, about 67,770 cases of breast carcinoma in situ, and 54,020 cases of in situ melanoma are expected to be newly diagnosed in 2008. The estimated numbers of new cancer cases for each state and selected cancer sites are shown in Table 2.
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Expected Number of New Cancer Deaths
Table 1 also shows the expected number of deaths from cancer projected for 2008 for men, women, and both sexes combined. It is estimated that about 565,650 Americans will die from cancer, corresponding to over 1,500 deaths per day. Cancers of the lung and bronchus, prostate, and colon and rectum in men, and cancers of the lung and bronchus, breast, and colon and rectum in women continue to be the most common fatal cancers. These 4 cancers account for half of the total cancer deaths among men and women (Figure 1). Lung cancer surpassed breast cancer as the leading cause of cancer death in women in 1987. Lung cancer is expected to account for 26% of all female cancer deaths in 2008. Table 3 provides the estimated number of cancer deaths in 2008 by state for selected cancer sites.
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depict long-term trends in cancer incidence and death rates for all cancers combined and for selected cancer sites by sex. Table 5 shows incidence and mortality patterns for all cancer sites and for the 4 most common cancer sites based on joinpoint analysis. Trends in incidence were adjusted for delayed reporting. Delay-adjusted cancer incidence rates were stable in males from 1995 to 2004 and in females from 1999 to 2004. Death rates for all cancer sites combined decreased by 2.6% per year in males and by 1.8% in females from 2002 to 2004 compared with declines of 1.5% per year in males from 1992 to 2002 and 0.8% per year in females from 1994 to 2002.
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Table 6 shows the contribution of individual cancer sites to the total decrease in overall cancer death rates. Death rates from all cancers combined peaked in 1990 for men and in 1991 for women. Between 1990/1991 and 2004, death rates from cancer decreased by 18.4% among men and by 10.5% among women. Among men, reductions in death rates from lung, prostate, and colorectal cancers account for nearly 80% of the total decrease in cancer death rates, while reductions in death rates from breast and colorectal cancers account for 60% of the decrease among women. Lung cancer in men and breast cancer in women alone account for nearly 40% of the sex-specific decreases in cancer death rates. The decrease in lung cancer death rates among men is due to reduction in tobacco use over the past 40 years, while the decrease in death rates for colorectal, female breast, and prostate cancer largely reflects improvements in early detection and treatment.18 Between 1990/1991 and 2004, death rates increased substantially for lung cancer in women and for liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer in men.
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Cancer incidence and death rates vary considerably among racial and ethnic groups (Table 11). For all cancer sites combined, African American men have a 19% higher incidence rate and a 37% higher death rate than White men, whereas African American women have a 6% lower incidence rate but a 17% higher death rate than White women. For the specific cancer sites listed in Table 11, incidence and death rates are consistently higher in African Americans than in Whites, except for cancers of the breast (incidence) and lung (incidence and mortality) among women and kidney (mortality) among both men and women. Factors known to contribute to racial disparities in mortality vary by cancer site and include differences in exposure to underlying risk factors (eg, historical smoking prevalence for lung cancer among men), access to high-quality regular screening (breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers), and timely diagnosis and treatment (for many cancers). The higher breast cancer incidence rates among Whites are thought to reflect a combination of factors that affect both diagnosis (such as more frequent mammography in White women) and the underlying factors that affect disease occurrence (such as later age at first birth and greater use of hormone replacement therapy among White compared with African American women).19
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Trends in cancer incidence can be adjusted for delayed reporting only in Whites and African Americans because long-term incidence data required for delay adjustment are not available for other racial and ethnic subgroups. From 1995 to 2004, incidence rates in males for all cancer sites combined (unadjusted for delayed reporting) decreased among all racial and ethnic groups except American Indian/Alaska Native men; among women, rates stabilized in all racial and ethnic groups during the same time period. In contrast, death rates from cancer significantly decreased in each racial and ethnic group, with larger decreases in men than in women.3
Death Rates by Educational Attainment, Race, and Sex
Table 12 shows death rates for all cancers combined and the 4 major cancers by educational attainment among White and African American men and women aged 25 to 64 years in 2001.21 The death rate for all cancers combined among less-educated (
12 years of education) compared with more-educated (>12 years of education) people was more than twice as high in men and about 40% higher in women. For specific cancer sites, the ratio of death rates in the less-educated compared with the more-educated group ranged from 1.16 for breast cancer among African American women to 3.36 for lung cancer among White men. For lung cancer in men and women and for colorectal cancer in men, the absolute difference in death rates between the less educated and more educated was larger than the difference between Whites and African Americans by sex at each level of educational attainment. Factors that contribute to higher death rates from cancer in less-educated men and women include higher prevalence of risk factors such as smoking and obesity and limited access to medical services.
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CANCER IN CHILDREN
Cancer is the second most common cause of death among children between the age of 1 and 14 years in the United States, surpassed only by accidents (Table 15). Leukemia (particularly acute lymphocytic leukemia) is the most common cancer in children (aged 0 to 14 years), followed by cancer of the brain and other nervous system, neuroblastoma, renal (Wilms) tumors, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.3 Over the past 25 years, there have been significant improvements in the 5-year relative survival rate for all of the major childhood cancers (Table 16). The 5-year relative survival rate among children for all cancer sites combined improved from 58% for patients diagnosed in 1975 to 1977 to 80% for those diagnosed in 1996 to 2003.3
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Estimates of the expected numbers of new cancer cases and cancer deaths should be interpreted cautiously. These estimates may vary considerably from year to year, particularly for less common cancers and in states with smaller populations. Estimates are also affected by changes in method. The introduction of a new method for projecting incident cancer cases beginning with the 2007 estimates substantially affected the estimates for a number of cancers, particularly leukemia and female breast (see Pickle et al12 for more detailed discussion). Not all changes in cancer trends are captured by modeling techniques. For these reasons, we discourage the use of these estimates to track year-to-year changes in cancer occurrence and death. The preferred data sources for tracking cancer trends are the age-standardized or age-specific cancer death rates from the NCHS and cancer incidence rates from SEER or NPCR, even though these data are 3 and 4 years old, respectively, by the time that they become available. Nevertheless, the American Cancer Society estimates of the number of new cancer cases and deaths in the current year provide reasonably accurate estimates of the burden of new cancer cases and deaths in the United States.
Footnotes
Published online through CA First Look at http://CAonline.AmCancerSoc.org.
* Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 
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W. J. Langeberg, E. M. Kwon, J. S. Koopmeiners, E. A. Ostrander, and J. L. Stanford Population-Based Study of the Association of Variants in Mismatch Repair Genes with Prostate Cancer Risk and Outcomes Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2010; 19(1): 258 - 264. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. D. Goss, A. Arnold, F. A. Shepherd, M. Dediu, T.-E. Ciuleanu, D. Fenton, M. Zukin, D. Walde, F. Laberge, M. D. Vincent, et al. Randomized, Double-Blind Trial of Carboplatin and Paclitaxel With Either Daily Oral Cediranib or Placebo in Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: NCIC Clinical Trials Group BR24 Study J. Clin. Oncol., January 1, 2010; 28(1): 49 - 55. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Hsu, T. M Bray, W. G Helferich, D. R Doerge, and E. Ho Differential effects of whole soy extract and soy isoflavones on apoptosis in prostate cancer cells Exp Biol Med, January 1, 2010; 235(1): 90 - 97. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. Zhao, J. Zhu, X. Ji, J. Cai, F. Wan, Q. Li, B. Zhong, S. Tucker, and D. Wang A Phase II Study of Irinotecan and Capecitabine for Patients with Unresectable Liver-only Metastases from Colorectal Cancer Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol., January 1, 2010; 40(1): 10 - 16. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. R. Alexander Jr, D. L. Fraker, D. L. Bartlett, S. K. Libutti, S. M. Steinberg, P. Soriano, and T. Beresnev Analysis of Factors Influencing Outcome in Patients With In-Transit Malignant Melanoma Undergoing Isolated Limb Perfusion Using Modern Treatment Parameters J. Clin. Oncol., January 1, 2010; 28(1): 114 - 118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. D. DuSell, E. R. Nelson, B. M. Wittmann, J. A. Fretz, D. Kazmin, R. S. Thomas, J. W. Pike, and D. P. McDonnell Regulation of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Function by Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators Mol. Endocrinol., January 1, 2010; 24(1): 33 - 46. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. Y.C. Heng, C. Kollmannsberger, and K. N. Chi Review: Targeted therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: current treatment and future directions Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology, January 1, 2010; 2(1): 39 - 49. [Abstract] [PDF]
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A. K. Agarwala and N. H. Hanna Review: Advanced non-small cell lung cancer: the role of maintenance therapy Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology, January 1, 2010; 2(1): 17 - 23. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 M. Kagawa-Singer, A. Valdez Dadia, M. C. Yu, and A. Surbone Cancer, Culture, and Health Disparities: Time to Chart a New Course? CA Cancer J Clin, January 1, 2010; 60(1): 12 - 39. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. K. Robinson, R. Turrisi, K. Mallett, J. Stapleton, and M. Pion Comparing the Efficacy of an In-Person Intervention With a Skin Self-examination Workbook Arch Dermatol, January 1, 2010; 146(1): 91 - 94. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. Yang, M. C. Cheung, M. M. Byrne, X. Jin, A. J. Montero, C. Jones, and L. G. Koniaris Survival Effects of Adjuvant Chemoradiotherapy After Resection for Pancreatic Carcinoma Arch Surg, January 1, 2010; 145(1): 49 - 56. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. H. Bailey, K. Kim, A. K. Verma, K. Sielaff, P. O. Larson, S. Snow, T. Lenaghan, J. L. Viner, J. Douglas, N. E. Dreckschmidt, et al. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Skin Cancer Prevention Study of {alpha}-Difluoromethylornithine in Subjects with Previous History of Skin Cancer Cancer Prevention Research, January 1, 2010; 3(1): 35 - 47. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 I. Dimou, B. Van Calster, S. Van Huffel, D. Timmerman, and M. Zervakis Evaluation of Imputation Methods in Ovarian Tumor Diagnostic Models Using Generalized Linear Models and Support Vector Machines Med Decis Making, January 1, 2010; 30(1): 123 - 131. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 M. Weiler-Sagie, O. Bushelev, R. Epelbaum, E. J. Dann, N. Haim, I. Avivi, A. Ben-Barak, Y. Ben-Arie, R. Bar-Shalom, and O. Israel 18F-FDG Avidity in Lymphoma Readdressed: A Study of 766 Patients J. Nucl. Med., January 1, 2010; 51(1): 25 - 30. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Zheng, X.-X. Cui, Z. Gao, Y. Zhao, Y. Lin, W. J. Shih, M.-T. Huang, Y. Liu, A. Rabson, B. Reddy, et al. Atorvastatin and Celecoxib in Combination Inhibits the Progression of Androgen-Dependent LNCaP Xenograft Prostate Tumors to Androgen Independence Cancer Prevention Research, January 1, 2010; 3(1): 114 - 124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Kim, C.-L. Sun, B. Mailey, C. Prendergast, A. Artinyan, S. Bhatia, A. Pigazzi, and J. D. I. Ellenhorn Race and ethnicity correlate with survival in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma Ann. Onc., January 1, 2010; 21(1): 152 - 160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. C. Chung, W. C. S. Magalhaes, J. Gonzalez-Bosquet, and S. J. Chanock Genome-wide association studies in cancer--current and future directions Carcinogenesis, January 1, 2010; 31(1): 111 - 120. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. G. Cronin, R. Swords, M. T. Truong, C. Viswanathan, E. Rohren, F. J. Giles, M. O'Dwyer, and J. F. Bruzzi Clinical Utility of PET/CT in Lymphoma Am. J. Roentgenol., January 1, 2010; 194(1): W91 - W103. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Kohli and D. J. Tindall New Developments in the Medical Management of Prostate Cancer Mayo Clin. Proc., January 1, 2010; 85(1): 77 - 86. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. J. Eide, R. Krajenta, D. Johnson, J. J. Long, G. Jacobsen, M. M. Asgari, H. W. Lim, and C. C. Johnson Identification of Patients With Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Using Health Maintenance Organization Claims Data Am. J. Epidemiol., January 1, 2010; 171(1): 123 - 128. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. El-Sahwi, S. Bellone, E. Cocco, F. Casagrande, M. Bellone, M. Abu-Khalaf, N. Buza, F. A. Tavassoli, P. Hui, D. Ruttinger, et al. Overexpression of EpCAM in Uterine Serous Papillary Carcinoma: Implications for EpCAM-Specific Immunotherapy With Human Monoclonal Antibody Adecatumumab (MT201) Mol. Cancer Ther., January 1, 2010; 9(1): 57 - 66. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Behrens, L. Feng, H. Kadara, H.-J. Kim, J. J. Lee, R. Mehran, W. K. Hong, R. Lotan, and I. I. Wistuba Expression of Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase-1 in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma and Preneoplastic Lesions Clin. Cancer Res., January 1, 2010; 16(1): 34 - 44. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. T. El Gammal, M. Bruchmann, J. Zustin, H. Isbarn, O. J.C. Hellwinkel, J. Kollermann, G. Sauter, R. Simon, W. Wilczak, J. Schwarz, et al. Chromosome 8p Deletions and 8q Gains are Associated with Tumor Progression and Poor Prognosis in Prostate Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., January 1, 2010; 16(1): 56 - 64. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 I. Leav, J. Plescia, H. L. Goel, J. Li, Z. Jiang, R. J. Cohen, L. R. Languino, and D. C. Altieri Cytoprotective Mitochondrial Chaperone TRAP-1 As a Novel Molecular Target in Localized and Metastatic Prostate Cancer Am. J. Pathol., January 1, 2010; 176(1): 393 - 401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Mahalingam, E. C. Medina, J. A. Esquivel II, C. M. Espitia, S. Smith, K. Oberheu, R. Swords, K. R. Kelly, M. M. Mita, A. C. Mita, et al. Vorinostat Enhances the Activity of Temsirolimus in Renal Cell Carcinoma Through Suppression of Survivin Levels Clin. Cancer Res., January 1, 2010; 16(1): 141 - 153. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Sato, J. Koinuma, M. Fujita, M. Hosokawa, T. Ito, E. Tsuchiya, S. Kondo, Y. Nakamura, and Y. Daigo Activation of WD Repeat and High-Mobility Group Box DNA Binding Protein 1 in Pulmonary and Esophageal Carcinogenesis Clin. Cancer Res., January 1, 2010; 16(1): 226 - 239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A.-M. Tsimberidou, F. Braiteh, D. J. Stewart, and R. Kurzrock Ultimate Fate of Oncology Drugs Approved by the US Food and Drug Administration Without a Randomized Trial J. Clin. Oncol., December 20, 2009; 27(36): 6243 - 6250. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. D. Markowitz and M. M. Bertagnolli Molecular Basis of Colorectal Cancer N. Engl. J. Med., December 17, 2009; 361(25): 2449 - 2460. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. M. Koroukian, F. Xu, P. M. Bakaki, M. Diaz -Insua, T. P. Towe, and C. Owusu Comorbidities, Functional Limitations, and Geriatric Syndromes in Relation to Treatment and Survival Patterns Among Elders With Colorectal Cancer J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, December 16, 2009; (2009) glp180v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Warin, W. H. Chambers, D. M. Potter, and S. V. Singh Prevention of Mammary Carcinogenesis in MMTV-neu Mice by Cruciferous Vegetable Constituent Benzyl Isothiocyanate Cancer Res., December 15, 2009; 69(24): 9473 - 9480. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Stevenson, W. Mostertz, C. Acharya, W. Kim, K. Walters, W. Barry, K. Higgins, S. A. Tuchman, J. Crawford, G. Vlahovic, et al. Characterizing the Clinical Relevance of an Embryonic Stem Cell Phenotype in Lung Adenocarcinoma Clin. Cancer Res., December 15, 2009; 15(24): 7553 - 7561. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Meyerhardt, E. L. Giovannucci, S. Ogino, G. J. Kirkner, A. T. Chan, W. Willett, and C. S. Fuchs Physical Activity and Male Colorectal Cancer Survival Arch Intern Med, December 14, 2009; 169(22): 2102 - 2108. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. J. Chang, C.-Y. Hu, C. Eng, J. M. Skibber, and M. A. Rodriguez-Bigas Practical Application of a Calculator for Conditional Survival in Colon Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., December 10, 2009; 27(35): 5938 - 5943. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Horn, S. E. Dahlberg, A. B. Sandler, A. Dowlati, D. F. Moore, J. R. Murren, and J. H. Schiller Phase II Study of Cisplatin Plus Etoposide and Bevacizumab for Previously Untreated, Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E3501 J. Clin. Oncol., December 10, 2009; 27(35): 6006 - 6011. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. S. DeRycke, J. D. Andersen, K. M. Harrington, S. E. Pambuccian, S. E. Kalloger, K. L.M. Boylan, P. A. Argenta, and A. P.N. Skubitz S100A1 Expression in Ovarian and Endometrial Endometrioid Carcinomas Is a Prognostic Indicator of Relapse-Free Survival Am J Clin Pathol, December 1, 2009; 132(6): 846 - 856. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Mizokami, E. Koh, K. Izumi, K. Narimoto, M. Takeda, S. Honma, J. Dai, E. T Keller, and M. Namiki Prostate cancer stromal cells and LNCaP cells coordinately activate the androgen receptor through synthesis of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone from dehydroepiandrosterone Endocr. Relat. Cancer, December 1, 2009; 16(4): 1139 - 1155. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Darb-Esfahani, R. M Wirtz, B. V Sinn, J. Budczies, A. Noske, W. Weichert, A. Faggad, S. Scharff, J. Sehouli, G. Oskay-Ozcelik, et al. Estrogen receptor 1 mRNA is a prognostic factor in ovarian carcinoma: determination by kinetic PCR in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue Endocr. Relat. Cancer, December 1, 2009; 16(4): 1229 - 1239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Karacay, R. M. Sharkey, D. V. Gold, D. R. Ragland, W. J. McBride, E. A. Rossi, C.-H. Chang, and D. M. Goldenberg Pretargeted Radioimmunotherapy of Pancreatic Cancer Xenografts: TF10-90Y-IMP-288 Alone and Combined with Gemcitabine J. Nucl. Med., December 1, 2009; 50(12): 2008 - 2016. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. G. Richardson, E. Weller, S. Jagannath, D. E. Avigan, M. Alsina, R. L. Schlossman, A. Mazumder, N. C. Munshi, I. M. Ghobrial, D. Doss, et al. Multicenter, Phase I, Dose-Escalation Trial of Lenalidomide Plus Bortezomib for Relapsed and Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma J. Clin. Oncol., December 1, 2009; 27(34): 5713 - 5719. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 N. M. Makridakis, T. Phipps, S. Srivastav, and J. K. V. Reichardt PCR-free method detects high frequency of genomic instability in prostate cancer Nucleic Acids Res., December 1, 2009; 37(22): 7441 - 7446. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Y.C. Heng, W. Xie, M. M. Regan, M. A. Warren, A. R. Golshayan, C. Sahi, B. J. Eigl, J. D. Ruether, T. Cheng, S. North, et al. Prognostic Factors for Overall Survival in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated With Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Targeted Agents: Results From a Large, Multicenter Study J. Clin. Oncol., December 1, 2009; 27(34): 5794 - 5799. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. J. Hoenerhoff, H. H. Hong, T.-v. Ton, S. A. Lahousse, and R. C. Sills A Review of the Molecular Mechanisms of Chemically Induced Neoplasia in Rat and Mouse Models in National Toxicology Program Bioassays and Their Relevance to Human Cancer Toxicol Pathol, December 1, 2009; 37(7): 835 - 848. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. E. Gould Rothberg, A. J. Berger, A. M. Molinaro, A. Subtil, M. O. Krauthammer, R. L. Camp, W. R. Bradley, S. Ariyan, H. M. Kluger, and D. L. Rimm Melanoma Prognostic Model Using Tissue Microarrays and Genetic Algorithms J. Clin. Oncol., December 1, 2009; 27(34): 5772 - 5780. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. C. B. Godoy and D. P. Naidich Subsolid Pulmonary Nodules and the Spectrum of Peripheral Adenocarcinomas of the Lung: Recommended Interim Guidelines for Assessment and Management Radiology, December 1, 2009; 253(3): 606 - 622. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. Somwar, D. Shum, H. Djaballah, and H. Varmus Identification and Preliminary Characterization of Novel Small Molecules That Inhibit Growth of Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells J Biomol Screen, December 1, 2009; 14(10): 1176 - 1184. [Abstract] [PDF]
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G. A. Zamboni, M. D'Onofrio, A. Idili, R. Malago, R. Iozzia, E. Manfrin, and R. P. Mucelli Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Fine-Needle Aspiration of 545 Focal Pancreatic Lesions Am. J. Roentgenol., December 1, 2009; 193(6): 1691 - 1695. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Hernandez and R. J. Mermelstein A Conceptual Framework for Advancing Melanoma Health Disparities Research Arch Dermatol, December 1, 2009; 145(12): 1442 - 1446. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 H Endo, K Hosono, T Fujisawa, H Takahashi, M Sugiyama, K Yoneda, Y Nozaki, K Fujita, M Yoneda, M Inamori, et al. Involvement of JNK pathway in the promotion of the early stage of colorectal carcinogenesis under high-fat dietary conditions Gut, December 1, 2009; 58(12): 1637 - 1643. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. A. Davidson, N. Wang, M. S. Shah, J. R. Lupton, I. Ivanov, and R. S. Chapkin n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate carcinogen-directed non-coding microRNA signatures in rat colon Carcinogenesis, December 1, 2009; 30(12): 2077 - 2084. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Yoshida, K. Nakachi, K. Imai, J. B. Cologne, Y. Niwa, Y. Kusunoki, and T. Hayashi Lung cancer susceptibility among atomic bomb survivors in relation to CA repeat number polymorphism of epidermal growth factor receptor gene and radiation dose Carcinogenesis, December 1, 2009; 30(12): 2037 - 2041. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. M. Kamat, S. T. Tharakan, B. Sung, and B. B. Aggarwal Curcumin Potentiates the Antitumor Effects of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin against Bladder Cancer through the Downregulation of NF-{kappa}B and Upregulation of TRAIL Receptors Cancer Res., December 1, 2009; 69(23): 8958 - 8966. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. C. Weige, K. F. Allred, and C. D. Allred Estradiol Alters Cell Growth in Nonmalignant Colonocytes and Reduces the Formation of Preneoplastic Lesions in the Colon Cancer Res., December 1, 2009; 69(23): 9118 - 9124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Avissar, M. D. McClean, K. T. Kelsey, and C. J. Marsit MicroRNA expression in head and neck cancer associates with alcohol consumption and survival Carcinogenesis, December 1, 2009; 30(12): 2059 - 2063. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Uterus includes uterine cervix and uterine corpus.
